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218393. （2022•长安区一中•高三上二月） A bat and a ball cost ﹩1.10 in total.The bat costs ﹩1.00 more than the ball.How much does the ball cost？
If you answered 10 cents，you're not alone—most people give the same answer （the correct answer is 5 cents）.It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive（直觉的） responses—answers we feel are true.People give answers that "pop into their mind"，says Steven Sloman.We don't spend much time "reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong."
   The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake（假的） news.It is part of human nature to believe，says Sloman.But "the trick with fake news is to know to verify"—in other words，to stop and question what you know.In one experiment，Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.They told a group of volunteers about it，but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7，meaning they did not understand the concept.
   The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.This time，they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.When asked to rate their understanding，the volunteers gave an average answer of 2.The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding，Sloman says.
   According to Sloman，studieow that knowledge spreads like a contagion（传染病）.This idea can be seen in many fields，including politics. "If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest，" Sloman says， "then you're going to start thinking that you understand，too."
   Another explanation for the spread of fake news is "motivated reasoning，" writes Adam Wyatz，an American management professor. "We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions."
   So，in a world where misleading information is common，training people to care about factchecking is important，especially in online communities. "We should check things and not just take them at face value，" Sloman says. "Verify before you believe."

（1）What's the purpose of using the example of the bat and ball question in the first paragraph？
A．To demonstrate that people tend to rush to a conclusion.
B．To show that there are various answers to a question.
C．To stimulate people's interest in playing guessing games.
D．To warn that people are poor at calculating skills in their daily life.
（2）What does the underlined word "verify" mean in Paragraph 3？
A．To follow your intuitive sense.
B．To confirm something is true.
C．To consider something seriously.
D．To speak out the understanding about something
（3）In which situation do more volunteers claim to understand helium rain？
A．When some experts explained it to them.
B．When they believed that scientists understood it.
C．When they have more confidence in themselves.
D．When Sloman and his colleagueowed them how it works.
（4）Which of the following is an example of "motivated reasoning"？
A．You think a university professor dishonest when everybody around you say so.
B．You post a message online that gives your personal opinion about a news story.
C．You search online for more information about a doubtful story on social media.
D．You believe a damaging story about someone who you always judge negatively.

共享时间:2022-12-10 难度:2

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[考点]

自然科学研究成果，说明文，

[答案]

ABBD

[解析]

（1）目的意图题。由第二段It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive （直觉的） responses—answers we feel are true.People give answers that "pop into their mind"，says Steven Sloman.We don't spend much time "reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.（这是一个例子，说明我们经常依赖直觉的回答，我们觉得答案是正确的。史蒂文•斯洛曼表示，人们给出的答案"突然出现在脑海中"。我们没有花太多时间"反思和检查答案是对还是错"。）可知，作者用球拍和球的例子是来说明人们倾向于匆忙下结论。故选A。
（2）词义猜测题。由第三段But "the trick with fake news is to know to verify"—in other words，to stop and question what you know. （但"假新闻的诀窍是知道要verify"——换言之，停下并质疑你所知道的。）可知，识别假新闻的诀窍是要去质疑你所知道的事情，即确认某事的真假，故划线词的意思是"确定某事是真的"。A．To follow your intuitive sense.跟随你的直觉；B．To confirm something is true 确认某事是真的；C．To consider something seriously认真考虑某事；D．To speak out the understanding about something说出对某事的理解。故选B。
（3）细节理解题。由第三段They told a group of volunteers about it，but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7，meaning they did not understand the concept. （他们把这件事告诉了一组志愿者，但承认他们无法完全解释这是什么。然后，他们要求志愿者对自己对氦雨的理解进行评分。大多数志愿者给自己的评分是7分中的1分，这意味着他们不理解这个概念。）和第四段This time，they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.When asked to rate their understanding，the volunteers gave an average answer of 2.The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding，Sloman says. （这一次，他们表示，科学家可以充分解释它是如何工作的。当被要求对他们的理解程度进行评分时，志愿者给出的平均答案是2。斯洛曼说，科学家的信心使志愿者对自己的理解感增强。）可知，当志愿者相信科学家能理解氦雨的时候，更多的志愿者声称了解氦雨。故选B项。
（4）推理判断题。根据倒数第二段We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. （我们自然更有可能相信证实我们现有观点的东西。）可知，动机推理就是我们自然更有可能相信证实我们现有观点的东西，D选项：You believe a damaging story about someone who you always judge negatively.（你相信一个你总是负面评价的人的坏故事。）为动机推理的典型例子。故选D项。

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本题考查了"自然科学研究成果，说明文，"，属于"易错题"，熟悉题型是解题的关键。

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213686. （2023•高新一中•高二下期中）     Some people say that the planet is getting smaller，that there are few places left to explore，and that the age of exploration will be over soon.
    I would argue instead that there has never been a greater need to explore.That's because the stage for all exploration is the natural world，and nature is experiencing a rapid decline.It is by exploring that we understand and when we understand we develop an appreciation for what is found.Ultimately，only the things we appreciate are worth protecting.
    As the golden age of exploration weakens，so does the richness of life on Earth.It isn't just that there are fewer blank areas on the map；it is that wild places and spaces have been progressively carved up （瓜分）.Visiting the Okavango Delta or Kalahari Desert，for example，no longer implies a self-supported expedition （考察）.Field stations pop up in important national parks and remote sensing by satellite becomes commonplace.
    In the next century，I believe we will need larger and wilder areas.We will need the wilderness，not just for the protection of it，but because it is an important part of the ecosystems from which we gain our necessities like clean water，food and materials.If we succeed，then expeditions — brief travels into the wild that seek to answer questions，monitor populations，and inspire action — will have a renewed sense of purpose.More importantly，they greatly help the public experience，understand and appreciate nature.
    Based on my own research expedition which aims to understand "edge effects" — how the changes in temperature at forest edges impact animals，I find it important that today's scientists continue to spend time in the field.It is here that they begin to understand how seemingly unrelated environmental interactions influence their study system.Sometimes，it's difficult to know which is important to measure until you stand out there cm the forest edge.
    It is the young generation that is the main force to lead the next wave of expeditions.The measure of their success will be whether there are still well-preserved wild places for expeditions in the future.Their leadership is needed now，more than ever.

（1）What's the purpose of this text？
A．To call on the public to support the study.
B．To inform us about the reduced biodiversity.
C．To advise people not to travel to unknown places.
D．To suggest understanding nature by keeping exploring.
（2）What can we know about the expedition in wild spaces from Paragraph 3？
A．It is difficult for explorers to make progress.
B．It is more accessible with the help of technology.
C．It promotes the development of satellite technology.
D．It requires explorers to take sufficient heavy equipment.
（3）What does the author realize after his research expedition？
A．The significance of scientists' field trip.
B．The difficulty of carrying out fieldwork.
C．The need to expand the edges of forests.
D．The influence of his study on the environment.
（4）The success of future expeditions will be determined by        .
A．our knowledge of nature
B．the time spent in the field
C．the preservation of wild places
D．the study system of young generations

共享时间:2023-05-30 难度:2 相似度:2

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213116. （2023•蓝田县•高二上期中）     Biologists from the John Innes Centre in England discovered that plants have a biological process which divides their amount of stored energy by the length of the night.This solves the problem of how to portion out （分配） energy reserves during the night so that the plant can keep growing yet not risk burning off all its stored energy.
    While the sun shines，plants perform photosynthesis （光合作用）.In this process，the plants change sunlight，water and carbon dioxide into stored energy in the form of long chains of sugar，called starch （淀粉）.At night，the plants burn this stored starch to fuel continued growth.
    "The calculations are precise so that plants prevent starvation but also make the most efficient use of their food，" said study co-author Alison Smith. "If the starch store is used too fast，plants will starve and stop growing during the night.If the store is used too slowly，some of it will be wasted."
    The scientists studied the plant Arabidopsis，which is regarded as a model plant for experiments.To give the plants some math tests，the biologists let night arrive unexpectedly early or late for them.
    During one of the exams，they shut off the lights early on them that had been grown with twelve-hour days and nights.Putting them into darkness after only an eight-hour day means they didn't have time to store as much starch as usual.And this forced the plants to adjust their normal nightly rhythm.
    Amazingly，even after this day length trick，the plants did very well in their exams and ended up with just five percent of starch left over at the end of the night.They had neither starved，nor stored starch that could have been used to fuel more growth.
    The authors suggested that similar biological calculators may explain how a migratory bird，the little stint，can make a five-thousand-kilometer journey to their summer habitat in the Arctic and arrive with enough fat reserves to survive only approximately half a day more，on average.
The results of the study were published in e Life.

（1）According to the passage，plants        .
A．use little energy during the day
B．usually stop growing at night
C．waste a lot of energy at night
D．store starch during the day
（2）What did the scientists do when studying Arabidopsis？
A．They changed the plant's light conditions.
B．They provided the plant with more starch.
C．They tried to keep the plant's natural rhythm.
D．They attached a biological calculator to the plant.
（3）When morning arrived，the experimental plants        .
A．nearly died of lack of food
B．used most of their stored energy
C．began to regulate their food store
D．stored enough starch for the next day
（4）What can we learn about the little stint？
A．They may have a system to control energy consumption.
B．They often die during their long and difficult journey.
C．They leave the Arctic in summer every year.
D．They are unable to calculate the distances.

共享时间:2023-11-24 难度:2 相似度:2

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201808. （2024•西安中学•七模）     In a new study，researchers found that invasive insects in the United States could kill approximately 1.4 million urban trees by 2050，which would cost over ＄900 million to replace，reports Vishwam Sankaran for the Independent.
    Hot spots predicted to have the most urban tree mortality（死亡率） were Milwaukee，Wisconsin；Chicago，Illinois；and New York，New York.The study，published in the Journal of Applied Ecology，is the first nationwide forecast of street tree mortality from invasive insects.
    The emerald ash borer is an invasive beetle native to Asia.It was first detected in 2002 in southeastern Michigan，and experts suspect it was brought into the United States on wood packing material carried on cargo ships or airplanes traveling from Asia.Since then，the bug has been damaging ash trees.In the last two decades since the insect was first detected，numerous trees have been killed in North America.
    Data collected from 30，000 communities across the country was used to estimate tree mortality in the next 30 years.The researchers combined this data with a model that predicted the spread of 57 different invasive insect species.Their resultow emerald ash borers alone could cause 90% of the estimated 1.4 million tree deaths.Ash borers are already predicted to "kill virtually all ash trees" in over 6，000 urban areas，according to Newsweek.
    Less than 25% of 30，000 urban areas in the U.S.are expected to experience 95% of all street-tree mortality，reports Adam Barnes for the Hill.The areas that will experience the most tree loss include cities in the Midwest and East Coast.These locations are expected to have the most tree loss because large numbers of ash trees occupy the streets and parks in these areas，reported the Independent.
    When it comes to how to save urban areas from becoming treeless，study author Emma Hudgins，a biologist at McGill University，says， "These results can hopefully provide a cautionary tale against planting a single species of tree throughout entire cities，as has been done with ash trees in North America.Planting various trees provides resilience against pest infestations（侵扰）."

（1）What can we know about the emerald ash borer？
A.It is an invasive beetle in Asia.
B.It was first found by the Michigan people.
C.It has killed numerous trees in America.
D.They definitely enter the U.S.by cargo ships or airplanes.
（2）What is the fourth paragraph intended to describe？
A.The purpose of the research.
B.The conclusion of the research.
C.The significance of the research.
D.The process and result of the research.
（3）What can be inferred from the fifth paragraph？
A.Pest infestations are taking place across the country.
B.The insect's invasion won't spread equally in America.
C.Tree loss is the main cause of environmental problems.
D.Ash trees are being removed from many areas in the U.S.
（4）What suggestion does Emma Hudgins provide？
A.Getting different types of trees planted.
B.Replacing foreign trees with local ones.
C.Getting more trees planted in more areas.
D.Planting trees resistant to pest infestations.

共享时间:2024-06-08 难度:2 相似度:2

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204496. （2023•蓝田县•高二下期末）     The worldwide 20th century "Green Revolution"，which saw huge year-by-year increases in global grain yields （产量），was fueled by the development in the 1960s of new high-yielding dwarfed （矮小） varieties known as Green Revolution Varieties （GRVs）.
    These dwarfed GRVs are common all over the world in today's wheat and rice crops.Because they are dwarfed，with short stems，GRVs devote relatively more resources than tall plants to the growth of grains rather than stems，and are less likely to suffer yield losses from wind and rain damage.However，the growth of GRVs requires farmers to use large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers （氮肥） in their fields.These fertilizers are costly to farmers and cause extensive damage to the natural environment.The development of new GRVs combining high yields with reduced fertilizer requirements is thus a global agricultural goal.
    Researchers at the University of Oxford and the Chinese Academy of Science have discovered for the first time a gene that can help reach the goal.Comparing 36 different dwarfed rice varieties，the researchers identified a novel natural gene that helps increase the rate at which plants make use of nitrogen from the soil.This gene，called GRF4，can increase the amount of a protein （蛋白质） in plant cells.GRF4 is actually a promoter that encourages the activity of other genes—genes that promote nitrogen uptake （摄入）.Professor Harberd said， "Increasing GRF4 levels could contribute to an increase in the grain yields of GRVs，especially at low fertilizer input levels."
    The researchers say the latest rice variety containing GRVould now become a major target for farmers in increasing crop yields and fertilizer use efficiency，with the aim of achieving the global grain yield increases necessary to feed a growing world population at a reduced environmental cost.It is very urgent at the moment.
    Professor Harberd added， "This study is an example of how studying fundamental science objectives can lead rapidly to potential solutions to global challenges.It shows how the discovery can enable chances for food security and future new green revolutions."

（1）What can we know about dwarfed GRVs？
A．They have higher yield and taller stems.
B．They are a "double-edged sword".
C．They are environmentally friendly.
D．They can be easily affected by weather.
（2）What does "the goal" in Paragraph 3 refer to？
A．Increasing the rate of nitrogen use.
B．Producing cheaper nitrogen fertilizers.
C．Using fewer fertilizers to produce more grains.
D．Finding a gene to solve agricultural problems.
（3）What can GRV directly do？
A．It promotes other genes' activity.
B．It increases the output of crops.
C．It takes in nitrogen from the soil.
D．It lowers fertilizer input levels.

共享时间:2023-07-05 难度:2 相似度:2

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212782. （2025•西安一中•高二下期中）     The ancient ritual（仪式的） meaning of Stonehenge ts still unknown，but researchers are one step closer to understanding how the famous stone circle was created.
    The special stone tying flat at the center of Stonehenge was brought to the site in southern England from near the tip of northeast Scotland，researchers reported Wednesday in the journal Nature.It's not clear whether the 5-meter stone was carried by boat or across land-a journey of more than 740 kilometers.For more than a hundred years，scientists believed that Stonehenge's central sandstone-long called the"altar stone"-came from much closer Wales.But a study last year by some of the same researcherowed that the stone didn't match the geology（地质）of Wales' sandstone fornatioms.The actuat source of the stone remained unknown.
    Although the team was not allowed to take the rocks from the site tor the study，they studied the minerals in small pieces of rocks that were collected in past digs，some from as far back as the 1840s.They found a match in the sandstone formations of Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland，a place that includes parts of the tip of the Scottish peninsula as well as the Orkney Islands.The difficult work of moving the stone such a long way shows a high level of teamwork and cultural connection between these two places of ancient Britain.Stonehenge was built around 5，000 years ago，with stones forming different circles brought to the site at different times.The placement of stones allows for the sun to rise through a stone"window"during summer solstice（夏至） The ancient purpose of the altar stone-which lies flat at the heart of Stonehenge，now under other rocks—remains unknown to us.
    Former research haown cultural connections-such as similarities in pottery（陶器） styles—between the area around Stonehenge and Scotland's Orkney Islands.Other stones at Stonehenge came from western Wales.While Britain is full of other Neolithic stone circles，the thing that's special about Stonehenge is the distance the stones traveled.

（1）What is the researchers' new finding about Stonehenge？
A.The ritual meaning Stonehenge has.
B.The place the altar stone came from.
C.The way the famous stone circle was created.
D.The reason why the altar stone was carried to England.
（2）How did the researchers study the source of the altar stone？
A.By researching the geology of wates.
B.By carrying away some rocks from the site.
C.By studying minerals in rock pieces collected in the past.
D.By comparing the stone with other stones in nearby places.
（3）What can we learn about Stonehenge from the text？
A.It was built through great teamwork.
B.It still has an important ritual meaning now.
C.The stone lying at the center of it was carried by boat.
D.The circle has remained unchanged since it was created.
（4）What is the best title for the text？
A.The Exact Source of the Altar Stone
B.A Journey of More Than 740 Kilometers
C.The Ancient Ritual Meaning of Stonehenge
D.Cultural Connections Between Two Places in Britain

共享时间:2025-05-19 难度:2 相似度:2

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213716. （2022•高新一中•高二上期中） In a former gold mine a mile underground，inside a.titanium tank（钛储罐）filled with a rare liquified gas，scientists have begun the search for what so far has been unfindable；dark matter.
   Scientists are trying to understand why the universe is not what it seems.One part of the mystery is dark matter，which has by far most of the mass in the universe.Astronomers know it's there even though it's nowhere to be seen，because when they measure the stars and other regular matter in galaxies，they find that there is not nearly enough gravity to hold them together.If nothing else was out there，galaxies would be quickly flying apart.
   The race to solve this enormous mystery has brought one team to the depths under Lead，South Dakota.
   The idea is that a mile of dirt and rock，a giant tank，a second tank and the purest titanium in the world will block nearly all the cosmic rays and particles （粒子） around us every day.But dark matter particles，scientists think，can avoid all those obstacles.They hope one will fly into the liquid xenon（疝气） in the inner tank and smash into a xenon nucleus（原子核），revealing its existence in a flash of light seen by a device called"the time projection chamber."
   Scientists announced Thursday that the five-year，＄60 million search finally got underway two months ago after a delay caused by the pandemic.So far the device has found...nothing.At least no dark matter.
   And if all their calculations and theories are right，they figure they'll see only a couple signs of dark matter a year.By the time the experiment finishes，the chance of finding dark matter with this device is probably less than 50% but more than 10%".
   While that's far from a sure thing，"you need a little enthusiasm，"said Kevin Lesko，a physicist at Lawrence Berkeley Naonal Laboratory." You don't go into rare search physics without some hope of finding something."
   These scientists tried to a similar，smaller experiment here years ago.After coming up empty，they figured they had to go much bigger.Another large-scale experiment is underway in Italy run by a rival team，but no results have been announced so far.

（1）What do we know about dark matter？
A．It is a rare liquified gas.
B．It is invisible and hard to find.
C．It is unknown to scientists.
D．It is a form of gravity in the galaxies.
（2）What is Paragraph 4 mainly about？
A．The result of the experiment.
B．The design of the experiment.
C．The reason for conducting the experiment.
D．The importance of the experiment.
（3）What can we learn about the experiment？
A．Its success is guaranteed.
B．It is almost finished.
C．It has been fruitless so far.
D．It is the first attempt in the field.
（4）Which of the following might Kevin Lesko agree with？
A．Don't count your chickens.
B．Two heads are better than one.
C．Strike while the iron is hot.
D．Every cloud has a silver lining.

共享时间:2022-11-18 难度:2 相似度:2

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218853. （2022•西安高级中学•高二上一月） Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines，say UK rescarchers.
   Their study found that theobromine（可可碱），found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codcine （可待因），which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
   The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. "While coughing is not necessarily harmful，it can have a major effect on the quality of life，and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，" said Professor Peter Barnes.
   Ten healthy volunteers were given theobromine，codeine or placcbo，a pill that contains no medicine，during the experiment.Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill.The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin，which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.
   The team found that，when the volunteers were given theobromine，the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group.When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
   The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity，which cause coughing.They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments，theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.

（1）According to Professor Barnes，theobromine        .
A．cannot be as effective as codeine
B．can be harmful to people's health
C．can be a more effective cure for coughs
D．cannot be separated from chocolate
（2）What was used in the experiment to cause coughing？
A．Theobromine.
B．Codeine.
C．Capsaicin.
D．Placebo.
（3）We learn from the text that volunteers in the experiment        .
A．were patients with bad coughs
B．suffered little side effects
C．received standard treatments
D．were divided into three groups

共享时间:2022-10-28 难度:2 相似度:2

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201941. （2023•西安四十八中•一模） Science reporting on climate change does lead Americans to adopt more accurate beliefs and support government action on the issue，but these gains are fragile，a new study suggests.Researchers found that these accurate beliefs fade quickly when people are exposed to coverage skeptical of climate change.
   "It is not the case that the American public does not respond to scientifically informed reporting when they are exposed to it，" said Thomas Wood，associate professor of political science at the Ohio State University. "But even truly accurate science reporting recedes from people's frame of reference very quickly."
   Resultowed that accurate science reporting didn't persuade only politicians and people who initially rejected human-caused climate change also had their opinionifted by reading accurate articles.The study involved 2，898 online participants who participated in four waves of the experiment during the fall of 2020.
   In the first wave，they all read authentic articles in the popular media that provided information reflecting the seientifie views on climate change.In the second and third waves，they read either another scientific article，an opinion article that was skeptical of climate science，or an article on an unrelated subjeet.In the fourth wave，the participants simply were asked their beliefs about the science of climate change and their policy attitudes.
   To rate participants' scientific understanding.the researchers asked after each wave if they believed that climate change is happening and has a human cause.To measure their attitudes，researchers asked participants if they favored government action on climate change and if they favored renewable energy.
   "What we found suggests that people need to hear the same accurate messages about climate change again and again.If they only hear it once，it recedes very quickly，" Wood said.It was significant that accurate reporting had positive effects on all groups，including those who originally rejected climate change.But it was even more encouraging that it affected attitudes.

（1）What does the underlined word "recedes" in paragraph 2 mean？
A．Increases.
B．Graduates.
C．Disappears.
D．Strikes.
（2）What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us？
A．The research object.
B．The research result.
C．The research purpose.
D．The research procedure.
（3）Why did researchers ask participants the second question？
A．To survey the government's satisfaction rate.
B．To make an assessment on their attitudes.
C．To teach them scientific understanding.
D．To measure action on climate change.
（4）What can be the best title for the text？
A．Science Report Of Climate Change Can Affect Minds
B．Online Participants Joined In A Four-Wave Experiment
C．Accurate Science Reporting Don't Persuade Only Politicians
D．People Should Hear Accurate Messages About Climate Change

共享时间:2023-03-01 难度:2 相似度:2

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203659. （2024•师大附中•高二上期末）     The Stanford marshmallow（棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
    As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted（诱惑） by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets-all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
    We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value-a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing （the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
    A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded（轰炸） with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental"junk food"in order to manage our time most effectively.

（1）What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test？
A.Take an examination alone.
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
（2）According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between        .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
（3）What does the author suggest readers do？
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
（4）Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A.Eat Less，Read More
B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later，the Better
D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups

共享时间:2024-02-09 难度:2 相似度:2

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204299. （2023•西咸新区•高二下期末）     Tell me if this sounds familiar：You're trying to get some work done，and you find yourself continually picking up your cell phone.In frustration，you might slam the phone down beside you and swear to leave it alone—theoretically allowing you to focus on what you're doing.Right now my phone is sitting next to me untouched.But have I really protected myself from its distractions or its ability to impact my mind？
   The answer is no，according to a well-known study in the Journal of the Association for Consumer Research from 2017 entitled "Brain Drain （认知流失）：The Mere Presence of One's Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity."
   Cognitive and social psychologist Adrian Ward and his colleagues proposed the "brain drain hypothesis" by showing that just having a phone next to you could impact cognition—specifically，working memory，or the mental system that helps us hold information about what we're currently doing at a given moment.
   The way we measure it is by having people remember words and solve math problems at the same time.And the idea there is that those are two very different cognitive skills，word memory and math problems，but they're tapping into that same general cognitive resource.In those experiments，people either had their phones on a desk，in their pockets or bags，or in the next room.The farther away a person's phone was，the better they did on those tasks.Even when you're not consciously thinking about your phone，the process of not thinking about your phone requires some cognitive resources.
   This was an interesting，though slightly concerning，finding that led to more studies on how the presence of our smartphones might be influencing how well we're able to think.But in a new meta-analysis that looked at data from 27 different brain drain studies，the story of the brain drain hypothesis has gotten a little more complicated.If it's just sitting next to you while you're working，is that a problem or not？And I think that's quite an important question to answer，to know more about.

（1）What's the purpose of paragraph1？
A．To classify a concept of the passage.
B．To introduce the topic of the passage.
C．To make an overall outline for the passage.
D．To offer a general background of the passage.
（2）Which statement would Adrian Ward most probably agree with？
A．Smartphones enable constant connection to latest information.
B．Mobile device use does not affect performance on mental system.
C．Cognitive capabilities are largely determined by working memory.
D．The presence of smartphones accounts for the damage to cognition.
（3）What do we know about the participants in the experiment？
A．They were only required to perform mathematical tasks.
B．The outcome was better if phones were used less frequently.
C．They consciously thought about phones when memorizing words.
D．The distance from phones to people was related to their performance.
（4）What's the best title of the text？
A．How does Your Phone Damage Your Memory？
B．How does Your Phone Wear Your Brain out？
C．Is Your Phone Actually Draining Your Brain？
D．Is Your Phone Influencing Your Working Performance？

共享时间:2023-07-06 难度:2 相似度:2

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204498. （2023•蓝田县•高二下期末）     Biologists from the John Innes Centre in England discovered that plants have a biological process which divides their amount of stored energy by the length of the night.This solves the problem of how to portion out （分配） energy reserves during the night so that the plant can keep growing yet not risk burning off all its stored energy.
    While the sun shines，plants perform photosynthesis （光合作用）.In this process，the plants change sunlight，water and carbon dioxide into stored energy in the form of long chains of sugar，called starch （淀粉）.At night，the plants burn this stored starch to fuel continued growth.
    "The calculations are precise so that plants prevent starvation but also make the most efficient use of their food，" said study co-author Alison Smith. "If the starch store is used too fast，plants will starve and stop growing during the night.If the store is used too slowly，some of it will be wasted."
    The scientists studied the plant Arabidopsis，which is regarded as a model plant for experiments.To give the plants some math tests，the biologists let night arrive unexpectedly early or late for them.
    During one of the exams，they shut off the lights early on them that had been grown with twelve-hour days and nights.Putting them into darkness after only an eight-hour day means they didn't have time to store as much starch as usual.And this forced the plants to adjust their normal nightly rhythm.
    Amazingly，even after this day length trick，the plants did very well in their exams and ended up with just five percent of starch left over at the end of the night.They had neither starved，nor stored starch that could have been used to fuel more growth.
    The authors suggested that similar biological calculators may explain how a migratory bird，the little stint，can make a five-thousand-kilometer journey to their summer habitat in the Arctic and arrive with enough fat reserves to survive only approximately half a day more，on average.
The results of the study were published in e Life.

（1）According to the passage，plants        .
A．use little energy during the day
B．usually stop growing at night
C．waste a lot of energy at night
D．store starch during the day
（2）What did the scientists do when studying Arabidopsis？
A．They changed the plant's light conditions.
B．They provided the plant with more starch.
C．They tried to keep the plant's natural rhythm.
D．They attached a biological calculator to the plant.
（3）When morning arrived，the experimental plants        .
A．nearly died of lack of food
B．used most of their stored energy
C．began to regulate their food store
D．stored enough starch for the next day
（4）What can we learn about the little stint？
A．They may have a system to control energy consumption.
B．They often die during their long and difficult journey.
C．They leave the Arctic in summer every year.
D．They are unable to calculate the distances.

共享时间:2023-07-05 难度:2 相似度:2

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204280. （2023•阎良区•高二下期末）     Dolphins are social and intelligent animals.And，like the way humans maintain relationships by hugging or giving a handshake，dolphins breathe together at the same time when they come up from the water for air.Thiared act is important for creating social connections.But sharing the same air and area is also spreading an infectious and deadly disease among the dolphins.
    Janet Mann and other scientists are trying to understand the virus.They discovered it in the water off the American states of Virginia and Maryland.It is now spreading to other Atlantic coast dolphins.
    Mann explains that the dolphin virus is in the lungs. "When dolphins breathe together at the surface，they're sharing tiny droplets just like we do when we're talking with each other，" she said.
    During her 35 years of studying dolphins，Janet Mann has noticed that even though dolphins have close friends，they visit other dolphins and leave the groups often.Following the social lives of dolphins in the Chesapeake Bay has permitted researchers to identify over 2，000 dolphin individuals.They can remember them by their special shapes and markings on their back fins.
    Two researchers，Melissa Collier and Ann-Marie Jacoby，saw two dolphins.A third dolphin joined his friends.All three dolphins came to the surface of the water and breathed together. "This is typical，male behavior.The males stay pretty coordinated （协调） with each other.The females sync （同步），but not as regularly.They syne mostly with their offspring （幼崽）." Mann says.This behavior pattern might explain why more male dolphins have died in the most recent outbreak of the virus.
    Viruses are naturally occurring in the wild，but human activities in the ocean can make the virus worse by wakening environments and populations even more.Pollution from carbon and plastics，limited food sources，along with ocean warming from climate change，harm the animals.These factors weaken the dolphins' immune systems. "So，they are extremely vulnerable （脆弱的，易受伤的） to virus outbreaks." Mann says.

（1）What are Mann and other scientists trying to do？
A．Record the dolphins' social habits.
B．Increase the population of dolphins.
C．Compare the viruses among dolphins.
D．Study the spread of the virus among dolphins.
（2）What does the underlined word "them" in paragraph 4 refer to？
A．Researchers.
B．Close friends.
C．The social lives of dolphins
D．Over 2，000 dolphin individuals.
（3）Why did more male dolphins die in the recent outbreak of the virus？
A．They absorbed more air than females.
B．They did more social activities together.
C．They came to the surface of the water more
D．They were more vulnerable to viruses.
（4）Which is a cause of the decline in dolphins' immune system？
A．Ocean warming.
B．Dolphins breathing together.
C．Researchers studying dolphins.
D．The growing population of dolphins.

共享时间:2023-07-14 难度:2 相似度:2

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218077. （2023•田家炳中学•高二上二月） Across much of Spain on Tuesday morning，a thin layer（层）of red dust（尘埃）coated everything outside.This included cars，buses，trees，and plants.
   As the sun rose，the dust in the air turned the skies in some cities a strange orange.The cause of the dust and unusual sky color wasn't a forest fire，but the dust from the Sahara Desert.Every year，a large cloud of dust rises from the Sahara Desert.It's called the Saharan Air Layer.Usually，it crosses the Atlantic Ocean as part of a natural cycle （圈）that helps develop farmland in Central and South America.
   But sometimes，depending on the weather，the layer of dust gets forced to the north.Large sandstorms in northern Africa lift sand and dust into the air，where it gets blown toward Spain.These kinds of storms aren't unknown in Spain.In fact，it has a special name，calima.It is so large that it can be seen from space.A NASA scientist says it's like a river of dust in the air.That river of dust has met with a river of wet air driven by strong winds.People in some cities，like Malaga and Navarra，reported that it was raining dust.In other places，the dust changed the color of the snow on the ground.
   The dust cloud continued to move north and west，hitting both France and the United Kingdom.The dust is expected to keep stalking，possibly as far north as Denmark.The dust cloud may make some places a little foggy and sunsets very colorful.
   Some weather experts warn that climate change could make dust storms from the Sahara Desert even more serious in the future.

（1）Normally，what does the Saharan Air Layer do？
A．It's farmland-friendly.
B．It does good to the desert.
C．It ends in the desert.
D．It disappears in the ocean.
（2）What can be learnt about the calima in Spain？
A．It has different colors.
B．It causes heavy rains.
C．It is huge and famous.
D．It is formed near rivers.
（3）What does the underlined word"stalking"in paragraph 4 mean？
A．Rising.
B．Spreading.
C．Getting weak.
D．Becoming different.
（4）In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？
A．Culture.
B．Health.
C．Agriculture.
D．Nature.

共享时间:2023-12-15 难度:2 相似度:2

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203749. （2024•西工大附中•高二上期末）     Ancient builders across the world created structures that are still standing today，thousands of years later.Roman engineers built thick concrete sea barriers，for example.And Chinese builders raised walls against invaders.But there are many recent structures that are already starting to fail.The concrete that makes up much of our modern world lasts around 50 to 100 years.
    A growing number of scientists have been studying materials from long ago.They are breaking apart pieces of buildings and reading historical texts hoping to learn how they have stood for thousands of years.The research has turned up a surprising list of materials that were mixed into old buildings.They include tree bark，volcanic ash，rice，beer and even urine （尿液）.These unexpected materials could have the ability to get stronger over time and "heal" cracks when they form.
    Figuring out how to copy these features could have real impacts today.While our modern concrete has the strength to hold up very tall buildings and heavy infrastructure （基础结构），it cannot compete with the endurance of these ancient materials.With the rising threats of climate change，there is a growing call to make construction more sustainable.A recent UN report estimates that the built environment is responsible for more than a third of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.Cement （水泥） production alone makes up more than 7 percent of those emissions.
    Is ancient Roman concrete better？In places where seawater has been hitting structures for ages，you will find concrete "basically the way it was when it was poured 2，000 years ago，" said John Oleson，an archaeologist at the University of Victoria in Canada.
    Most modern concrete starts with Portland cement，a powder made by heating limestone （石灰岩） and clay to super-high temperatures and breaking them up.That cement is mixed with water to create a paste.Then，materials like rock and gravel are added.Records from ancient builderow the Roman process was similar.The ancient builders mixed materials like burnt limestone and volcanic sand with water and rocks，creating chemical reactions to tie everything together.
    Now，scientists think they have found an important reason why some Roman concrete has held up structures for thousands of years.The ancient material has an unusual power to repair itself.Exactly how is not yet clear，so scientists are starting to find reasons why.
（1）What is the purpose of the comparison in Paragraph 1？
A．To introduce a topic.
B．To list a motivation.
C．To give a definition.
D．To present an argument.
（2）Which aspect of ancient Roman building materials surprises scientists？
A．Their necessary ingredients.
B．Their processing procedure.
C．Their amazing sustainability.
D．Their high-end technology.
（3）According to the passage，          remains a mystery.
A．what made up those ancient Roman materials
B．where the ancient Roman materials were produced
C．how those ancient Roman materials were transported
D．why the ancient Roman materials healed automatically
（4）Where is the text probably from？
A．A travel brochure.
B．A science fiction.
C．An architecture essay.
D．An environment report.

共享时间:2024-02-06 难度:2 相似度:2

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203844. （2024•周至六中•高一上期末）     The giant panda's special black-and-white fur makes it one of the most recognizable animals on the planet.But why does it have this unique coloring？To hide from natural enemies，both in the snow and in the shadows，study lead author Tim Caro，a professor in the Department of Wildlife，Fish &Conservation Biology at the University of California，Davis，said in a new statement.Moreover，the large black circles around a panda's eyes may help other pandas recognize it，the researchers said.
    Understanding why the giant panda has such noticeable color has been a long-term problem to solve.To find out the answer，Caro and his colleagues looked at photos of pandas and 195 other carnivore（食肉动物）species，including 39 subspecies of bear.Then，they recorded the coloring on each area of those animals' bodies，and compared them with areas of the panda's body."Compared with the previous studies，the breakthrough in this study was treating each part of the body as an independent area，"Caro said.
    The research team tried to figure out the purpose of the dark-colored furry areas.After going through many comparisons，the researchers determined that the white parts of the giant panda help it hide in the snow.In contrast，its black arms and legs help it hide in the shadows，they said.The panda's white-and-black coloring didn't appear to be related to temperature regulation.Nor did they find evidence that the dark circles around a panda's eyes helped to make them look cuter.
    "This really was a great effort by our team，finding and scoring thousands of images and scoring more than 10 areas per picture from over 20 possible colors，"study co-author Ted Stankowich，an assistant professor of biology at California State University，Long Beach，said in the statement."Sometimes it takes hundreds of hours of hard work to answer the simplest question：Why is the panda black and white？"

（1）What does the new study focus on？
A.How pandas hide from natural enemies successfully.
B.Why pandas have unique black-and-white coloring.
C.Whether the black circles around a panda's eyes are useful."
D.What makes pandas so cute and eye-catching.
（2）What makes the new study different from the previous studies？
A.Researching more carnivore species.
B.Using the method of comparison.
C.Treating each part of the body separately.
D.Recording the number of photos.
（3）What can we learn from Paragraph 3？
A.The giant panda gets used to living in the snow.
B.The white-and-black fur can help pandas hide.
C.The coloring of pandas is related to temperature.
D.The function of the dark-colored areas is unknown.
（4）What is implied from Ted Stankowich's words？
A.Keeping your curiosity can make a difference.
B.Hundreds of hours of hard work is annoying.
C.Scientists dislike doing research on simple issues.
D.It needs efforts to find the why behind what you see.

共享时间:2024-02-28 难度:2 相似度:2

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2022-12-10

高中英语 | 高三上 | 阅读理解

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