[解析]
(1)推理判断题。根据上文Just as a philosopher says,I think,therefore I am.However,when it comes to effective teaching and learning informed by cognitive science — the science of the mind — it's perhaps more appropriate to say:(正如一位哲学家所言,我思故我在。然而,当谈到认知科学——研究思维的学科——指导下的有效教学时,也许这么说会更合适:)引用了哲学家"我思故我在"这一关于思考的观点,然后从认知科学的角度去解读有效教学,提出一个说法,所以设空处的内容就是这个说法,而且与引用的句子表达结构相似。A项I think deeply,therefore I learn."我深入思考,故而我有所学。"在结构上与I think,therefore I am.相似,内容上是关于深入思考与学习的关系,符合语境,引出下文对effortful thinking or digging deep(即深入思考或深入挖掘)是什么的进一步探讨。故选A项。
(2)推理判断题。根据下文If you were building a well,would you spend five minutes digging a shallow hole and then call it a day,or would you spend time and effort digging continuously until you struck water?(假设你在凿一口井,你会花五分钟凿一个浅洞,还是愿意花时间和精力不断地去凿,直到凿到有水为止?)把思考比作凿井来展开探讨,所以设空处的内容是先引出"凿井"。C项中的digging a well能够引出下文"凿井",故C项If you want learning to be durable,try digging a well."如果你想学习持久,试着挖一口井"符合语境。故选C项。
(3)细节理解题。根据上文I think we can all agree that digging deeper for longer would be best.(我想我们都同意,最好能够挖得越深、越久。)讲的是,假设我们凿井,最好的情况是能够不断深入挖掘,下文The longer and more effortfully we think about something,the more durable its 'memory trace' will be and the more accessible that information will become.(我们思考某件事的时候,思考得越久,思考得越深入,它的"记忆痕迹"就越持久,信息也就越容易获取。)讲的内容与记忆相关,所以设空处的内容是衔接上文的"凿井"与下文的"记忆"的。G项的the same is true承接上文,即表示与凿井的情况相同,G项的how we remember things引出下文探讨记忆与思考时间和深度的关系,故G项It turns out the same is true for how we remember things"事实证明,我们记忆事物的方式也是如此"符合语境。故选G项。
(4)细节理解题。根据上文You know that organizing items in this way is crucial if you want other archeologists and researchers to identify and make sense of the antique by its parts (child,iron) and connect it to their own work.(你知道,如果你想让其他考古学家和研究人员通过古董的各个部分(儿童、铁)来识别和理解古董,并将其与自己的工作联系起来,那么以这种方式管理物品是至关重要的。)强调了以这种方式管理物品的重要性,则设空处的内容是总结这种方式。D项Add more tags for others to understand and access later."添加更多的标签,从而让其他人之后能够理解并使用。"总结通过添加更多的标签来管理物品的这种方式,符合语境。故选D项。
(5)推理判断题。根据上文Besides,consider 'what if...' questions that break the surface features of an idea and invite a consideration of its underlying characteristics.(此外,思考"如果……会怎么样"这类问题,这类问题能够打破想法的表层特征而挖掘其内在特征。)讲的是做到深入思考的一种方法。E项的also是关键词,与上文是递进关系,即上文讲的是思考"如果……会怎么样"这类问题很重要,E项指出了做到深入思考的另一重要方面在于not to move on too quickly(不要太快转移),引出下文Lengthen the duration of effortful thinking by keeping yourself at the site of thought for longer.(要在原本思考的点上停留得久一些,从而延长深入思考的时间),故E项It's also of great importance not to move on too quickly."同样非常重要的是,不要太快地进行下一步"。故选E项。