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218133. （2023•城关中学•高二上二月） According to a new study，teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the consequences of alternative actions．
    University College London researchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices based on the available information．They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choose between abstract symbols．
   Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward，punishment，or no outcome．As the trial progressed ，participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly．Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choose symbols associated with reward，but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment．Adults also performed significantly better when they were told what would have happened if they had chosen the other symbol after each choice，while teens did not appear to take this information into account．
   "From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years．We find that teens and adults learn in different ways，something that might be relevant to education，" said lead author Dr．Stefano Palminteri． " Unlike adults，teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment．This suggests that incentive systems based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group．Additionally，we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made alternative choices．"
   To interpret the results，the researchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations （模拟）applying them to the results of the study．The first was a simple model，one that learned from rewards，and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen．The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account，with equal weight given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking．For example，obtaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome．
   Comparing the experimental data to the models，the team found that teens" behavior followed the simple reward-based model while adults" behavior matched the complete，contextual model． "Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value， " said senior author Dr．Sarah-Jayne Blakemore． "As a result，it may be useful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms．"

（1）It can be learned from the study that       ．
A．adults made choices faster than teens
B．adults understood rewards better than teens
C．teens reacted better to reward than punishment
D．teens were aware of the outcome of each choice
（2）What do we know about the three computational models？
A．They reflected people's strong desire for punishment avoidance．
B．They gave circumstances different degrees of consideration．
C．They paid equal attention to reward and punishment．
D．They shaped the behavior of people at different ages．
（3）The underlined word "receptive" in the last paragraph probably means       ．
A．accustomed
B．opposed
C．sympathetic
D．responsive
（4）According to the writer，which of the following statements works best for teens？
A．"If you insist on doing things in this way，you will lose ten points． "
B．"If we had talked about this earlier，you wouldn't have made the mistake． "
C．"If you hand in your assignment ahead of time，you will get an extra bonus．"
D．"If you want to approach a problem differently ，you can talk to your parents． "

共享时间:2023-12-23 难度:2

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[考点]

科普知识，说明文，

[答案]

见试题解答内容

[解析]

（1）C．细节理解题．根据第一段According to a new study，teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the consequences of alternative actions．根据一项新的研究，青少年专注于奖励，很难学会避免惩罚或考虑其他行为的后果．可知青少年对奖赏的反应比惩罚好，故选C．
（2）B．推理判断题．根据倒数第二段的The first was a simple model，one that learned from rewards，and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen．The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account，with equal weight given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking．第一个是一个简单的模式，从奖励中学习，第二种模式通过学习未被选择的选项而增加了这一点．第三种模式是最完整的，考虑到了整个背景，对避免惩罚和寻求奖励给予了同等的重视．可知这三种计算模式对情况给予了不同程度的考虑，故选B．
（3）D．词义猜测题．根据下文的 it may be useful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms（对家长和老师来说，用更积极的方式来描述事情可能是有用的）和Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value，我们的研究表明，青少年更容易接受奖励，而不是同等价值的惩罚．可知意为"反应积极的"，故选D．
（4）C．推理判断题．根据最后一段的内容可知，研究表明，青少年更容易接受奖励，而不是同等价值的惩罚．对家长和老师来说，用更积极的方式来描述事情可能是有用的．可知所以选项C"如果你提前交作业，你会得到额外的奖励"对青少年最有效，故选C．

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203777. （2024•铁一中学•高一上期末）     Despite the fact that parrots are well known for their long lives and complex cognition （认知），it remains unknown whether the two traits（特征） have influenced each other.
    "The problem has been sourcing good quality data，" said Simeon Smeele，a doctoral student at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior （MPI-AB） and lead author of a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B that tried to solve this question.
    Scientists from the MPI-AB and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology （MPI-EvA） teamed up with Species360 to compile data from over 130，000 individual parrots sourced from over 1，000 zoos to find the average life span of 217 parrot species.
    The analysis revealed an astonishing diversity in life expectancy，ranging from an average of two years for the fig parrot up to an average of 30 years for the scarlet macaw.
    Next，the team tried to determine whether or not parrots' renowned cognitive abilities had any influence on their longevity.Their results support the theory that increased brain size has enabled longer lifespans.Because brain size relative to body size can be an indicator of intelligence，the findings suggested that the parrots with larger brains were able to survive for longer in the wild.
    The scientists were surprised that factors such as diet，or the greater developmental time required to develop larger brains，did not lead to longer average lifespans. "We would have expected the developmental path to play a more important role because in primates it is this developmental cost that explains the link between brain size and longevity，" said Smeele.
    In the future，the team plan to explore if sociality and cultural learning in parrots might have also contributed to long lifespans.Smeele said： "Large-brained birds might spend more time socially learning foraging（觅食） techniques that have been around for multiple generations.This increased learning period could potentially also explain the longer life spans，as it takes more time but also makes the foraging repertoire（全部技能） more adaptive."

（1）What did the study aim to find out about parrots？
A The diversity in their life expectancies.
B．The factors that influence their intelligence.
C．The traits that help them survive in the wild.
D．The link between their cognition and life spans.
（2）How did the researchers carry out their study？
A．By surveying over 1，000 zoos.
B．By examining parrots' brains.
C．By analyzing the collected data.
D．By observing parrots' behavior.
（3）Which is a possible cause of parrots' longevity？
A．Their diet.
B．Their body size.
C．Their larger brains.
D．Their brains development time.
（4）What is the last paragraph mainly about？
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential applications of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．Further research based on current findings.

共享时间:2024-02-05 难度:2 相似度:2

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218135. （2023•城关中学•高二上二月） Lots of animals play.But the behavior is best known in mammals（哺乳动物）and birds.Now the scientists at London's Queen Mary University report that bumblebees（大黄蜂）know the same thing.But before this，there were no reports of insects playing.
   Dr.Lars Chittka began to wonder if bumblebees played during an earlier test.In that test，Chittka guided bumblebees to move balls into a goal for food.He noticed that some bees were rolling（滚动）balls even when they weren't given food.He wondered if they were playing.
   To test the idea，the scientists at his lab set up a new test.First，they numbered 45 young bumblebees between one and 23 days old.The numbers let them follow bumblebees' behavior.Then，they set up a clear pathway from the bumblebees' home to a feeding area.On either side of the open pathway，the researchers placed small colored wooden balls.On one side of the path，the balls couldn't move.On the other side，the balls could roll around.For three hours a day，over 18 days，the scientists opened the pathway between the home and the feeding area.The bumblebees never had to leave the pathway to find food，but they left anyway.They weren't interested in the side where the balls didn't move，but they made lots of visits to the side with the rolling balls.
   Catching the balls with their legs，the bees would move their wings to pull on the balls，causing them to roll.The 45 numbered bumblebees did this 910 times during the test.Though some only did it once，others did it a lot.The younger ones liked to spend more time rolling balls while the older oneowed less interest in it.One bee was recorded rolling balls 44 times in a single day.One was seen rolling balls 117 times over the whole test.
   The test raises important questions about how the insects' minds work and whether they have feelings.

（1）What did Chittka want to do about bumblebees in the earlier test？
A．Discover if they played.
B．Train them to move balls.
C．Make them learn to relax.
D．Find out if they'd share food.
（2）What did the scientists do to bumblebees before the new test？
A．They named each of them.
B．They let them interested in balls.
C．They had all of them go hungry.
D．They marked them one by one.
（3）What can we say about the older bumblebees' behavior in the new test？
A．They held their attention for longer.
B．They understood simpler numbers.
C．They were less active in rolling balls.
D．They helped the young pull on balls.
（4）What's the best title for the text？
A．Bumblebees Are First Insects Known to Play.
B．Two Tests Prove Bumblebees Expect to Play.
C．Bumblebees Are the World's Smartest Insects.
D．Scientists Make Bumblebees Work for Them.

共享时间:2023-12-23 难度:2 相似度:2

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218094. （2024•城关中学•高一下一月）     Investing In the Graphite（化石墨）Revolution
    December 21st，2014
    Graphene（石墨烯）is the future.Plain and simple.
    Its 200 times stronger than steel，thinner than a sheet of paper，and more conductive than copper.
    And that's not all…
    Researchers all over the world are using it for critical advances in a variety of industries.Grapheme makes：
    ?Solar cells —50 x～100 x more efficient
    ?Semiconductors —50 x～100 x faster
    ?Aircraft —70% lighter
    We're talking about batteries that charge 10 x faster and store 10 x more power…
    Phones and computer displays that bend and fold…
    It's so vital to our future that it's been named a "supply critical mineral" and a "strategic mineral" by the United States，Japan and the European Union.
    Yet only a few companies around the world have access to mineral resource that is required to make grapheme.And 70% of supply is controlled by China.
    So the setup is perfect for any nonChinese supply to become an extremely profitable investment，just like rare earths a few years ago.
    A new report from the Outsider Club fully outlines the situation：
    ?What grapheme is used for…
    ?And why now is the perfect time to invest in this world changing discovery.
    To get this new report，simply drop your name in the box below.And in a few moments，you'll be fully informed on the ins and outs of grapheme.All I ask in return is for you to sign up to receive our financial and economic news elater，Outsider Club.
    In each issue，well bring you the financial news from the "Outsiders" perspective.It will show you how to plan your own finances，and manage your own investments.Become a reader of Outsider Club today.
    So what are you waiting for？

（1）What do you know about grapheme？
A.It can conduct electricity very well.
B.It is much stronger than paper.
C.It is much heavier than steel.
D.It is very easy to obtain now.
（2）According to the passage，a plane made of grapheme can        .
A.move much faster
B.work more efficiently
C.save more energy
D.weighs much less
（3）We can infer that a few years ago rare earths were        .
A.Cheap
B.common
C.profitable
D.worthless

共享时间:2024-04-26 难度:2 相似度:2

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218113. （2024•城关中学•高二下一月） SEA Summer High School Programs 2023 Science at SEA
   Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors，as well as recent high school graduates，which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod Massachusetts.The program includes a shore component on the SEA campus in Woods Hole and a sea component aboard the Sailing School Vessel（SSV） Corwith Cramer.
   July 21-August 13
   Expense：﹩4，000
   SEA Quest
   SEA Quest is a two-week program that welcomes high school students and recent graduates.Participants will gain hands-on experience conducting field research，sailing at all ships，and understanding of the complexities of creating and managing marine reserves.They will return home with a broader sense of the ocean's importance to our planet and the need to preserve this precious resource for future generations.Life here is fast-paced.No prior sailing experience is necessary.A strong desire to learn is required!
   July 11-July 22
   Expense：﹩3，200
   SEA Cape
   This three-week summer program at SEA offers current high school students the opportunity to study the marine environment from a variety of perspectives：scientific，historical，and literary.Participants live and study at our campus in Woods Hole，Massachusetts.
   June 27-July 14
   Expense：﹩3，800
   SEA Expedition
   This two-week summer program for high school students，including graduating seniors，is centered on learning by doing.SEA Expedition is a multidisciplinary experience that welcomes students to participate in every aspect of a challenging offshore sailing and oceanographic expedition，and occurs entirely aboard the SSV Corwith Cramer.Life at sea is fast-paced and tough.
   July 5-July 17
   Expense：﹩3，500

（1）Which program lasts the shortest？
A．Science at SEA.
B．SEA Quest.
C．SEA Cape.
D．SEA Expedition.
（2）What is required for participants in SEA Quest？
A．Previous experience in sailing.
B．Ability to conduct scientific experiments.
C．Great eagerness to study the sea.
D．Knowledge of sea resource preservation.
（3）What is the challenge about SEA Expedition？
A．It lasts about two weeks.
B．It entirely takes place on a ship.
C．It is centered on learning by doing.
D．It is a multidisciplinary experience.

共享时间:2024-04-21 难度:2 相似度:2

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204336. （2023•未央区•高二上期末） Mental health is deteriorating（恶化） among young people globally.The incidence of depression and anxiety is increasing，and this not only lowers quality of life，but can have a lasting negative impact as an adolescent reaches adulthood.
   Many experts are trying to get at the root causes of this decline，in order to find ways to prevent further deterioration and to provide more effective help when needed.Two "emerging determinants of interest" are （a） over use of screen-based technology，and （b） too little time spent in nature.Most research to date has considered these factors independently，but a group of scientists from University of Adelaide recently decided to look at them jointly，to see if the combination of high screen time （ST） and low "green time" （GT），could affect mental wellbeing.
   The result is published on September 4，2020，in the scientific journal PLOS One.In it，the researchers analyzed data from 186 studies that looked at children's interactions with screen-based technology and nature and their psychological outcomes，including mental health，cognitive（认知的） functioning，and academic achievement.
   What they found was that，in general，excessive screen time results in poorer psychological health，whereas green time improves mental wellbeing.Ten years ago in the U.S.，the average daily screen time for 8-to-18-year-olds was 7.5 hours.As the study states， "This greatly exceeds recreational ST guidelines of 2 hours or less per day，" and is made even more challenging by the fact that so many schools are using technology to teach classes.
   While some screen time can be beneficial，such as promoting connections and enabling tasks to be done more efficiently，there are many ways in which it is harmful.Excessive screen time "replaces important protective behaviors for mental health such as physical activity，getting adequate sleep，in-person social interactions，and academic activities."
   And yet，when children do go outside，they become more physically active.Their day-night rhythm is regulated，thanks to the exposure to sunlight，thus "encouraging healthy sleep-wake cycles and improved sleep，which is key for psychological well-being."

（1）The research of the University of Adelaide is different because        ？
A．The researchers tried to find the root causes.
B．The researchers analyzed large amounts of data.
C．The researchers tried to find a solution.
D．They combined ST and GT.
（2）What are the findings of their research？
A．Mental health is worsening among young people globally.
B．School technology contributes to the most screen time.
C．ST and GT have opposite impact on mental health.
D．Guidelines of screen time shouldn't be more than two hours.
（3）Why does over screen time affect mental health？
A．It replaces mentally healthy behaviors.
B．There is too much unhealthy information on the screen.
C．Teens can't break away from screen addiction.
D．Teens can't sleep well after screen time.
（4）What is implied in the passage？
A．Over screen time worsens teens' health.
B．Teens need more green time，less screen time.
C．Teenould be banned from any screen time.
D．Screen-based technology shouldn't be allowed in schools.

共享时间:2023-02-01 难度:2 相似度:2

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205725. （2018•西安中学•高二上期末） Imagine this：you are all by yourself in the wild．To make things worse，everyone is fighting against you．Can you survive？
This is what 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen faces in the book The Hunger Games by American author Suzanne Collins．The novel has been on the USA Today's Best-Selling Books list for two years since it was first released （出版） in 2008．
The novel takes place in an imagined time．The US no longer exists．North America has become Panem，and its biggest city is called the Capitol．The rest of Panem is divided into 12 districts．
Long ago，the districts started a war against the Capitol and lost．They gave up and had to send one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 to appear in a yearly TV show called The Hunger Games．
The teenagers have to fight each other in a desolate （荒凉的） environment．The rules and audience may change，but one rule always stays the same：kill or be killed．
Katniss lives with her mother and younger sister in District 12，the poorest district of Panem．She tries to support her family by secretly hunting beyond the border of her district．When Katniss' sister is chosen to appear in the show，Katniss steps up to take her sister's place．However，her friendship with the other District 12 contestant （选手），a baker's son named Peeta Mellark，makes her situation even more complicated．In order to survive，she must choose which is more important：her own survival or humanity；life or love．
The twists and turns of her adventure make it hard to put the book down．You can feel Katniss' pain，confusion and love．This is how a novel should be：you don't just read it - you live in it．

（1）The purpose of writing this article is mainly to        ．
A．give us an example of how to survive in the wild
B．introduce to us a USA Today's best-seller
C．teach us how to win The Hunger Games
D．tell us what might happen in the future North America
（2）Which is TRUE according to the text？
A．The Hunger Games is a televised competition held every two years．
B．Katniss takes her sister's place to compete because she loves adventures．
C．The new country Panem is divided into 12 parts altogether．
D．The young competitors in The Hunger Games are forced to kill or be killed．
（3）The underlined word "complicated" in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to        ．
A．difficult
B．hopeless
C．advantageous
D．impossible
（4）In The Hunger Games，Katniss faces more challenges because she has to think about        ．
A．who can support her family instead of her
B．what is the most important in life
C．how she can defeat her opponent
D．why she has to compete in such a violent game

共享时间:2018-02-19 难度:2 相似度:2

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205823. （2017•西安中学•高二下期末） The pursuit of happiness can be a lifelong search for some-but researchers believe they may have found a key factor in feeling a greater overall sense of well-being．
Nottingham Trent University researchers found that the more an individual identified with a particular group，such as family，in their local community or through a hobby，the happier they were with their life．
"Our findings suggest that thinking more about one's group life could have significant benefits for an overall sense of well-being，"said Dr．Juliet Wakefield，a psychologist at Nottingham Trent University．
"We tend to identify with groups that share our values，interests and life priorities，as well as those that support us in times of crisis，and we can see how this would be linked to happiness．Our work taps into （发掘） knowledge that is deep within all of us，but we often forget due to the fast-paced and achievement-focused nature of modern life-to be your best self，you are likely to require the support of others．"
They studied how 4，000 participants felt connected to certain groups，and then measured the influence this had upon their levels of happiness．It's important to note that identifying with a group isn't the same as membership，though．You can be a member of a group with which you feel no connection at all．It's that subjective sense of belonging that's crucial for happiness．
Health care professionalould encourage people to join groups that they are interested in，or which promote their values and ideals，as well as advising people to maintain association with groups they already belong to．Simple social interventions （干预） such as this could in turn help to reduce care expense and prevent future ill health．

（1）According to the text，who are much happier？
A．Individuals who have happy families．
B．Individuals who have a good many hobbies．
C．People who feel a strong sense of belonging to a group．
D．People who gain membership of many social groups．
（2）What do people tend to forget in Juliet's view？
A．They live a busy and stressful life．
B．They need others' help for self-improvement．
C．Happiness is of the same importance as work．
D．They should connect with like-minded people．
（3）What does the underlined word"this"in the last paragraph refer to？
A．Health care experts' encouragement and advice．
B．Reduction of health care expenses．
C．Social involvement with certain groups．
D．Promotion of people's values and interests．
（4）What may be the best title for the passage？
A．The Nature of Happiness．
B．The Secret to Happiness．
C．The Search for Happiness．
D．The Attitude to Happiness．

共享时间:2017-07-11 难度:2 相似度:2

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218152. （2023•蓝田县•高一上二月） Finland was known as a rather quiet country.Since 2008，the Country Brand Delegation （国家品牌代表团） has been looking for a national brand that would make some noise to market the country as a world-famous tourist destination.In 2010，the Delegation issued a "Country Brand Report，" which highlighted a host of marketable themes，including Finland's famous educational system.One key theme was brand new：silence.As the report explained，modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. "Silence is a resource，" it said.
   Silence first appeared in scientific research as a control or baseline，against which scientists compare the effects of noise or music.Researchers have mainly studied it by accident，as physician Luciano Bernardi did in his study of the physiological （生理学） effects of music. "We didn't think about the effect of silence，" he said.Bernardi observed two dozen test subjects while they listened to six musical tracks.He found that the impacts of music could be read directly in the bloodstream，via changes in blood pressure，carbon dioxide，and circulation in the brain. "During almost all sorts of music，there was a physiological change with a condition of arousal （兴奋），" he explained.
   This effect made sense，given that active listening requires attention.But the more striking finding appeared between musical tracks.Bernardi and his colleagues discovered that randomly added stretches of silence also had a great effect，but in the opposite direction.In fact，two-minute silent pauses proved far more relaxing than either "relaxing" music or a longer silence played before the experiment started.The blank pauses that Bernardi had considered irrelevant，in other words，became the most interesting object of study.Silence seemed to be heightened by contrasts，maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. "Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction，so that when there is nothing more arousing，then you have deeper relaxation，" he said.
   This finding is reinforced by neurological （神经系统的） research.Relevant research shows when our brains rest quietly，they integrate external and internal information into "a conscious （意识的） workspace." Freedom from noise and goal-directed tasks，it appears，unites the quiet without and within，allowing our conscious workspace to do its thing to discover where we fit in.
   Noora Vikman，a consultant on silence for Finland's marketers，knows silence well.Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland，she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren't detectable in her busy daily life. "If you want to know yourself，you have to be with yourself，and discuss with yourself，and be able to talk with yourself."

（1）Why does the author mention the Country Brand Report in Paragraph 1？
A．To present how Finland viewed silence.
B．To highlight the need of noise in Finland.
C．To explain why Finland issued the brands.
D．To indicate the authority of the Delegation.
（2）What can be inferred about Luciano Bernardi's discovery？
A．It challenged the calming effect of music.
B．It emphasized the role of silence between sounds.
C．It illustrated the loss of attentiveness after silence.
D．It stated brains' information processing in the quiet.
（3）As for Noora Vikman's attitude to silence，the author is        .
A．doubtful
B．supportive
C．disapproving
D．unconcerned
（4）Which would be the best title for the passage？
A．Silence：A Limited Resource.
B．Silence：A Misunderstood Tool.
C．Silence：The Unexpected Power.
D．Silence：The Value by Contrasts.

共享时间:2023-12-20 难度:2 相似度:2

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204537. （2023•西安市蓝田县城关中学•高二下期末）     The discovery of the Komodo Dragons is one of the most important zoological （动物学的） surprises of the 20th century.Before 1912 it was completely unknown and it was believed that there were no more large lizards （蜥蜴） in the world.Then，in that year，a party of fishermen stopped at an almost completely-unknown small island in a group of islands.The fishermen brought back stories of a huge，prehistoric animal living there.The island's name was Komodo.The largest of these lizards was over ten feet from nose to tail.Komodo dragons have also been discovered on several neighboring islands.
    Are the dragons dangerous to humans？Yes.A Swiss tourist who sat down to have a rest while the other people of his tour group went ahead was attacked and eaten by a dragon.All that was left was a piece of his camera.A number of other people have been killed by dragon attacks over the years.The dragons can eat up to 80 percent of their own weight in a single meal.Their attack way is to wait behind trees，then rush forward and give a single large bite to the person or other animal.Most Komodo dragons prefer wild boar （野猪） or deer as their meals，but they will try to attack and get almost every other animal they can find，including other dragons.The largest dragons weigh around 150 kilos.Though the Komodo dragons can see well，they do most of their hunting based on smell.A dragon can recognize a certain smell from several miles when the wind is right.They will hunt when they have to，and these large lizards are more than happy to get an already dead animal when they come across one.

（1）How was the Komodo dragon discovered？
A．Scientists had been looking for it and found it.
B．It was found by chance by some fishermen.
C．Some fishermen looked for it on an island.
D．It was discovered by some tourists.
（2）Komodo dragons have been found         .
A．only on Komodo
B．on several islands near Komodo Island
C．on many islands in the world
D．on all the islands near Komodo Island
（3）These large lizards are dangerous to people，because         .
A．when people attack them，they will fight back
B．humans are their favourite food
C．they will attack and eat humans if they find them
D．they are much bigger than people
（4）A Komodo dragon will eat all the following EXCEPT         .
A．deer
B．humans
C．trees
D．komodo dragons

共享时间:2023-07-12 难度:2 相似度:2

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218200. （2023•高新一中•高一上二月）     The cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized，and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.
    There are more than 200 species of an t in the Americas that farm fungi（真菌） for food，but this trait evolved just once sometime between 45 million and 65 million years ago.Biologists regard the cultivation of fungi by ants as true agriculture appearing earlier than human agriculture because it meets four criteria：the ants plant the fungus，care for it，harvest it and depend on it for food.
    By contrast，while thousands of ant species are known to have a wide variety of interdependent relationships with plants，none were regarded as true agriculture.But in 2016，Guillaume Chomicki and Susanne Renner at the University of Munich，Germany，discovered that an ant in Fungi cultivates several plants in a way that meets the four criteria for true agriculture.
    The ants collect the seeds of the plants and place them in cracks in the bark of trees.As the plants grow，they form hollow structures called domain that the ants nest in.The ants defecate（排便） at designated absorptive place s in these domain，providing nutrients for the plant.In return，as well aelter，the plant provides food in the form of fruit juice.
    This discovery prompted Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships to see if there are other examples of plant cultivation that have been overlooked."They have never really been looked at in the framework of agriculture，"says Chomicki，who is now at the University of Sheffield in the UK."It's definitely widespread."
    The team identified 37 examples of tree-living ants that cultivate plants that grow on trees，known as epiphytes（附生植物）.By looking at the family trees of the an t species，the team was able to determine on how many occasions plant cultivation evolved and roughly when.Fifteen is a conservative estimate，says Campbell.All the systems evolved relatively recently，around 1 million to 3 million years ago，she says.
    Whether the 37 examples of plant cultivation identified by the team count as true agriculture depend s on the definitions used.Not all of the species get food from the plants，but they do rely on them for shelter，which is crucial for ants living in trees，says Campbell.So the team thinks the definition of true agriculture should include shelter as well as food.

（1）According to biologists，why is ant-fungus cultivation considered as a form of true agriculture？
A.Because it occurred earlier than human agriculture.
B.Because it fulfills the standards typical of agricultural practices.
C.Because it redefines the four criteria for true human agriculture.
D.Because it is less common than previously thought.
（2）What motivated Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships？
A.They determined on new family trees of the ant species.
B.They overlooked some tree-living ants that provided nutrients for the plants.
C.They never studied the ant-plant relationships within the context of agriculture.
D.They never identified any an t species that engaged in cultivation of fungi.
（3）Which of the following statements is supported by the team's findings according to the passage？
A.Ants' cultivation of plants is limited to a few specific species.
B.The cultivation of fungi by ants is considered the earliest form of agriculture.
C.True agriculture in ants involves only food-related interactions with plants.
D.Ants have independently cultivated plants on at least 15 distinct occasions.
（4）What is the passage mainly about？
A.The evolution of ants in the plant kingdom.
B.The widespread occurrence of ant-plant cultivation.
C.The discovery of a new ant species engaging in agriculture.
D.The contrast between an t agriculture and human agriculture.

共享时间:2023-12-22 难度:2 相似度:2

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218233. （2023•西安三中•高一上二月） It is often said that you can't have too many friends.But it seems that there is a natural limit to the number of people we stay in touch with.A study found that when we make new friends，by starting a new job or going to university，we downgrade or even drop old ones.And while the friends may change，the number stays almost the same.
   Oxford University researcher Felix Reed-Tsochas asked 24 students in the final months of school to list all their friends and relatives and say how close to them they were.The pupils filled in the questionnaire（问卷）twice more after starting work or going to university.They were also given free mobile phones and agreed that researchers could use their bills to work out who they called，when and for how long.
   Putting the two pieces of information together showed，unsurprisingly；that most people have a small circle of close friends，who they spend most of their time talking to.This inner circle is surrounded by group after group of ever more distant friends.As the volunteers' lives changed，this overall pattern ，including the number of best friends，remained almost the same，meaning that some close friends from childhood were dropped or downgraded as new friendships were built.
   Dr Reed-Tsochas said："Maybe my best friend is no longer the same person but the amount of time I allocate（分配）to my best friend is still the same." He added that this finding suggests that even with the coming of modern technology we are only capable of forming a limited number of true friendships.
   Chester University researcher Dr Sam Roberts said："Our results are likely to reflect limitations in the ability of humans to keep emotionally close relationships both because of limited time and because the emotional capital（情绪资本）that individuals can allocate between family members and friends is limited."

（1）What is a popular belief about making friends？
A．A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B．We should treat friends as our family.
C．The more friends we make，the better.
D．A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
（2）Which is a method Dr Reed-Tsochas used in his study？
A．Checking the volunteers' call records.
B．Learning about the volunteers' hobbies.
C．Tracking the volunteers' job performance.
D．Interviewing the volunteers' schoolmates.
（3）What did the researchers find from the study？
A．One's attitude to friendship remains the same.
B．People attach great importance to friendships.
C．People rarely drop their old friends to make new ones.
D．The number of one's best friends doesn't change much.
（4）What is the function of the last paragraph？
A．To add background information.
B．To give a possible explanation.
C．To offer some suggestions.
D．To introduce a new topic.

共享时间:2023-12-13 难度:2 相似度:2

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218336. （2023•长安区一中•高一下二月） In shallow coastal waters of the Indian ocean，Dugong，a kind of sea cow，is in trouble.Environmental problems pose such a major threat to its survival that the International Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN） upgraded the species' extinction risk status（地位）to vulnerable （脆弱的）.
   Much worse，Dugongs are at risk of losing the protection of the Torres Strait Islanders，who have looked after them historically，hunting them for food sustainably and monitoring their numbers.These native people keep their biodiversity，and have deep knowledge about their environment.But these people are also threatened，in part because rising sea levels are making it difficult for them to live there.
   This situation isn't unique to Dugongs.A global analysis of 385 culturally important plant and animal species found 68 percent were both biologically vulnerable and at risk of losing their cultural protection.
   The findings clearly illustrate that biology shouldn't be the primary factor in shaping conservation policy，says anthropologist Victoria Reyes-García.When a culture declines，the species that are important to that culture are also threatened."Lots of conservationists think we need to separate people from nature，" says Reyes-García. "But that strategy misses the caring relationship many cultural groups have with nature."
   One way to help shift conservation efforts is to give species a "bio-cultural status，"which would provide a fuller picture of their vulnerability.In the study，the team used a new way to determine a species' risk of disappearing：the more a cultural group's language use declines，the more that culture is threatened.The more a culture is threatened，the more culturally vulnerable its important species are.Researchers then combined a species' cultural and biological vulnerability to arrive at its bio-cultural status.In the Dugong's case，its bio-cultural status is endangered，meaning it is more at risk than its IUCN categorization suggests.
   This new approach to conservation involves people that have historically cared for them.It can highlight when communities need support to continue their care.Scientists hope it will bring more efforts that recognize local communities' rights and encourage their participation-taking advantage of humans' connection with nature instead of creating more separation.
（1）What is the relationship between the native people and Dugongs？
A．The native people help conserve Dugongs.
B．The native people train Dugongs to survive.
C．Dugongs ruin the native people's environment.
D．Dugongs force the native people to leave home.
（2）Which statement will Reyes-García probably agree with？
A．The protection policy is used incorrectly.
B．Culture is connected to species' existence.
C．Many groups take good care of each other.
D．Conservationists prefer nature over people.
（3）How is the study method different from previous ones？
A．It involves more preservation efforts.
B．It relies on the IUCN's classification.
C．It highlights the effect of human languages.
D．It assesses the biological influence of a species.
（4）What is the author's attitude towards the latest approach？
A．Conservative.
B．Favourable.
C．Critical.
D．Ambiguous.

共享时间:2023-06-30 难度:2 相似度:2

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204204. （2023•长安区一中•高一上期末）     Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too？Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself？Well，apparently it's because we have mirror neurons （神经元） in our brains.
    Put simply，the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something，our brains imitate it，whether or not we actually perform the same action.This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile，talk，walk，dance or play sports.But the idea goes further：mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions，they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.
    Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains，but especially in the area which relate to our ability to use languages，and to understand how other people feel.Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language.A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to （for example： "The hand took hold of the ball"），the same mirror neurons were triggered when the action was actually performed （in this example，actually taking hold of a ball）.
    Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior.Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning.However，it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.
    Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact.Indeed，it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics.And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does-well，perhaps you'll understand why.

（1）What is the passage mainly about？
A．Existence of mirror neurons.
B．Functions of mirror neurons.
C．Ways to find mirror neurons.
D．Problems of mirror neurons.
（2）Mirror neurons can explain        .
A．why we cry when we are hurt.
B．why we yawn when we feel sleepy.
C．why we cough when we suffer from a cold.
D．why we smile when we see someone else smile.
（3）The underlined word "triggered" in the third paragraph probably means "        ".
A．cut off.
B．set off.
C．built up.
D．broken up.
（4）We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons        .
A．relate to human behavior and interaction.
B．result in bad behavior and social disorders.
C．control human physical actions and feelings.
D．determine our knowledge and language abilities.

共享时间:2023-02-08 难度:2 相似度:2

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204183. （2023•长安区一中•高一下期末） Today's grandparents are joining their grandchildren on social media，but the different generations' online habits couldn't be more different.In the UK the over-55 s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers，meaning that they will soon be the site's second biggest user group，with 3.5 million users aged 55-64 and 2.9 million over-65s.
   Sheila，aged 59，says， "I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing，as my daughter posts videos and photos of them.It's a much better way to see what they're doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post.That's how we did it when I was a child，but I think I'm lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did."
   Interestingly，Sheila's grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves.Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site - only 2.2 million users are under 17 -but they're not going far from their smartphones.Chloe，aged 15，even sleeps with her phone. "It's my alarm clock so I have to，' she says. "I look at it before I go to sleep and as soon as I wake up."
   Unlike her grandmother's generation，Chloe's age group is spending so much time on their phones at home that they are missing out on spending time with their friends in real life.Sheila，on the other hand，has made contact with old friends from school she hasn't heard from in forty years. "We use Facebook to arrange to meet all over the country，" she says. "It's changed my social life completely."
   Parents have an important role to play if they want their kids to spend more time in real life.Peter，38，who spends most of his time in front of a screen，is recently determined to set a better example to his kids.In the evening or at weekends，he would leave his smartphone home and take his kids out to nature.

（1）What can we learn from Paragraph 1？
A．Older people have difficulty using social media.
B．Children spend more time with their grandparents.
C．More and more elderlies begin to use social media.
D．Social media have become more friendly to the elderly.
（2）How does Sheila feel about social media？
A．Worried.
B．Satisfied.
C．Excited.
D．Disappointed.
（3）What can be concluded from the passage？
A．People tend to have less social life as they get older.
B．Young people are getting away from their smartphone.
C．More young people choose to meet their friends in person.
D．Social media actually help old people to meet their friends.
（4）What's the best title for this passage？
A．Different Online Habits Across Generations.
B．The Good Old Days Without Smartphones.
C．The Next Generation of Social Media.
D．The Use of Smartphones at School.

共享时间:2023-07-14 难度:2 相似度:2

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219637. （2020•长安区一中•高一上二月） $德优题库$ Where in the classroom do you prefer to sit，and why？Scientists have discovered that seating preference not only shows students' personalities，but has a great influence on their school performance.Generally speaking，studentow different attitudes depending on where they sit.Based on the research，scientists have developed a funnel-like（像漏斗的）model of "learning zones（区域）" to see the relationship between seating and active learning.
   In this model，the mouth of the funnel（A）is the best position for learning.Students in this front area prove to be the most active learners.They show a greater desire（渴求）for learning，which leads them to focus（集中注意力）better and take a more active part than the rest of the class.Those in the neck of the funnel（B） don't pay the same close attention，but they ask a lot of questions，partly because of the added confidence they feel from being in a safe zone，with others around them.Less desirable is the area "outside the funnel（C，D），" which refers to the side and the back rows，where students take a less active part in classroom activities and find it hard to focus their attention，falling asleep at times.
   Studies about learning zones suggest that a change in traditional seating plans can benefit students.In fact，a growing number of teachers have begun less traditional seating plans，such as "U-Type".There are no side and back areas，so teachers can expect their students to take part in activities more actively and increase student-teacher interaction（互动）.

（1）According to scientists，students' learning is greatly influenced by        .
A．the number of students
B．the time of class
C．seating positions
D．the size of the classroom
（2）It turns out that the students sitting in Area B        .
A．sometimes fall asleep
B．feel safe and confident
C．seldom ask their teachers questions
D．try to avoid looking directly at the teacher
（3）Which area is most proper for learning？
A．Area A.
B．Area B.
C．Area C.
D．Area D.
（4）What does the underlined word "benefit" in the last paragraph mean？
A．Cause trouble for.
B．Take control of.
C．Give a warning to.
D．Do good to.

共享时间:2020-12-23 难度:2 相似度:2

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dygzyyyn

2023-12-23

高中英语 | 高二上 | 阅读理解

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