加工进化

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204297. （2023•西咸新区•高二下期末） We truly are what we eat —and what our ancestors ate.Food has changed who we are and how we developed for hundreds of thousands of years.From processing（加工） to preserving to cooking，what humans did and continue to do to food played a big role in shaping our evolution（进化）.
   "Processed food isn't just a modern invention.It's as old as human itself and may have helped create our species，"wrote Nicholas Temple，author of The Best Before：The Evolution and Future of Processed Food for the BBC.
   Although processing is viewed negatively nowadays，it was important to our development as a species.Processing doesn't necessarily mean adding chemicals.It also includes pounding or slicing or changing the food in any way before eating.Compared to our ancestors，modern humans teeth，jaws and faces have gotten smaller because of making food easier to chew，especially from cooking.
   Cooking food was one of the biggest changes in human history.Researchers believe it could have occurred between 1.8 million to 400，000 years ago.Without cooking，an average of person would have to eat around five kilos of raw（未加工的） food to survive and will have to spend most of the day eating.Also，up to 50%of women who only eat raw foods develop a condition that signals that the body can't support a pregnancy（怀孕）—a major problem for evolution，according to Science American.Processing food leads to a huge gain in leisure time.The less time people spent chewing，the more time they had to develop complex spoken language.Cooking food also breaks down its cells.So our stomachs need to work less to absorb the nutrients and save more energy，which could then be used to power a large brain.
   Processed food actually shaped us as a species and made us human—the only species on earth who can cook.

（1）Why are modern humans teeth and jaws smaller？
A．Because they look much more beautiful.
B．Because they are suitable for cooked food.
C．Because humans become small in size.
D．Because humans have to adapt to modern life.
（2）What problem does eating raw food cause？
A．It takes people much time and energy.
B．It stops the evolution of human beings.
C．It causes people's stomach to work less.
D．It slows the development of written language.
（3）What can we learn from the passage？
A．Only modern people process food.
B．Some animals can cook food as humans.
C．Processed food is of great value to humans.
D．People began to process food in recent years.
（4）What is the main purpose of the passage？
A．To introduce various ways to process food in human history.
B．To uncover the details about the development of human food.
C．To present the findings of a study about food in human history.
D．To explain the importance of processed food to human beings.

共享时间:2023-07-06 难度:2

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[考点]

历史、社会与文化，说明文，

[校正]

[答案]

BACD

[解析]

（1）细节理解题。根据第三段Compared to our ancestors，modern humans teeth，jaws and faces have gotten smaller because of making food easier to chew，especially from cooking.（与我们的祖先相比，现代人类的牙齿、下巴和脸都变小了，因为食物更容易咀嚼，尤其烹饪的食物。）可知现代人的牙齿和下颚更小是因为它们适合煮熟的食物。故选B。
（2）细节理解题。根据第四段Without cooking，an average of person would have to eat around five kilos of raw（未加工的） food to survive and will have to spend most of the day eating.（如果没有烹饪，一个人平均要吃大约5公斤的生食才能生存，而且每天大部分时间都要吃东西。）可知生食要花费人们很多时间和精力。故选A。
（3）推理判断题。根据最后一段Processed food actually shaped us as a species and made us human—the only species on earth who can cook.（加工食品实际上塑造了我们这个物种，使我们成为人类——地球上唯一会做饭的物种。）可知我们能从文章中了解到加工食品对人类很有价值。故选C。
（4）目的意图题。根据第一段We truly are what we eat —and what our ancestors ate.Food has changed who we are and how we developed for hundreds of thousands of years.From processing（加工） to preserving to cooking，what humans did and continue to do to food played a big role in shaping our evolution（进化）.（我们吃什么就是什么，我们的祖先吃什么就是什么。数十万年来，食物改变了我们的身份和我们的发展方式。从加工到保存再到烹饪，人类对食物所做和继续做的事情在塑造我们的进化过程中发挥了重要作用。）可知这篇文章的主要目的是解释加工食品对人类的重要性。故选D。

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本题考查了"历史、社会与文化，说明文，"，属于"易错题"，熟悉题型是解题的关键。

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219400. （2021•鄠邑二中•高二上二月） Birthday card history is said to be over a hundred years old.There is no record to tell us who sent or received the first birthday card but it is said that the tradition of sending birthday cards began in England a century ago.In those times people used to personally greet a person on a birthday- but when a well-wisher was unable to do so he sent a birthday card.Thus birthday cards were more like an apology at that time.
   History of greeting cards can be traced back to the ancient Chinese who are said to have started the tradition of sending goodwill messages on New Year Day.Early Egyptians too are believed to have made used papyrus scrolls （纸莎草纸画卷）to send greetings to dear ones.During early 1400 the tradition of exchanging handmade paper greeting cards developed in Europe while Germans at that time were known to have printed New Year's greetings from woodcuts.The advancement in printing technology in 1850s helped to make greeting cards more affordable.No wonder，they soon became popular means of personal communication.During the 1980s non-event cards or the cards not made for any particular occasion became popular and helped card industry reach a new high.
   Greeting cards have taken a new form in this present age of Internet technology.Today，they are being increasingly exchanged as electronic or e-greeting cards.Advancement in technology that began in the 1990s has led to a further growth in card industry.People find it easier to send e-cards as a means of exchanging greetings.
   Greeting cards are an important means of communicating good wishes and love to a person.They carry a personal touch that makes them lovable and very special.

（1）What is the function of the birthday card in England a century ago？
A．To send good wishes.
B．To present a personal greeting.
C．To make an apology.
D．To work as a birthday present.
（2）The printed New Year's greeting card was firstly made by        .
A．the British
B．the Chinese
C．the Egyptians
D．the Germans
（3）What is the best title for the text？
A．The History of Greeting Cards
B．The Importance of Birthday Cards
C．The Function of Birthday Cards
D．The Tradition of Sending Greeting Cards.

共享时间:2021-12-15 难度:2 相似度:2

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204773. （2022•周至县•高一上期末） Chinese archaeologists（考古学家）announced on Saturday that some new major discoveries have been made at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in Southwest China，helping uncover another start of the Chinese civilization.
   Archaeologists have found six new sacrificial pits（祭祀坑）and unearthed more than 500 treasures dating back 3，000 years at the Sanxingdui Ruins in Sichuan Province.So far，archaeologists have unearthed masses of important cultural items from four of the pits，including pieces of gold masks，gold foil，bronze（青铜）masks，bronze trees and large numbers of ivories.The rest of the newly discovered pits arc still being dug up.
   "Surprisingly，we have unearthed some never-heard-of-before bronze items， "said Lei Yu，from the Sichuan Archaeology Research Institute. "For instance，some large and well-made bronze items have strange-looking dragon or cow designs on them. "
   In another major discovery，relics of silk products were found for the first time at Sanxingdui，which shows "the ancient Shu Kingdom was one of the important starts of silk in ancient China" according to Tang Fei，head of the digging team.
   The new pits sit next to two sacrificial pits discovered in 1986，with areas ranging between 30 square meters and 19 square meters.Together they form an area in which people of the ancient Shu civilization held ceremonies to offer sacrifices to heaven，earth and their forefathers，and prayed for good luck and peace.
   The Sanxingdui Ruins is regarded as one of the greatest archaeological finds of mankind in the 20th century.The site was accidentally discovered by a farmer in the 1920s.The ruins are located in the city of Guanghan，about 60 kilometers from Chengdu and are believed to be the relics of the Shu Kingdom.

（1）What can we learn from the second paragraph？
A．Totally there are 500 treasures unearthed.
B．Six new sacrificial pits are under repair.
C．The unearthed treasures date from 3000 years ago.
D．There are six sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui.
（2）What was the main function of the sacrificial pits？
A．To celebrate festivals.
B．To store valuable items.
C．To bury important figures.
D．To hold sacrifice ceremonies.
（3）Who first discovered the Sanxingdui Ruins？
A．A farmer.
B．Lei Yu.
C．Tang Fei.
D．Archaeologists.
（4）What does the underlined word " regarded" mean in the last paragraph？
A．Searched.
B．Considered.
C．Exploded.
D．Decorated

共享时间:2022-02-26 难度:2 相似度:2

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204394. （2023•铁一中学•高二下期末） The word paradigm comes from the Greek.It was originally a scientific term，and is more commonly used today to mean a model or theory.In the more general sense，it's the way we"see" the world - not in terms of our visual sense of sight，but in terms of perceiving，understanding，and interpreting.
   A simple way to understand paradigms is to see them as maps.We all know that "the map is not the
territory." A map is simply an explanation of certain aspects of the territory.That's exactly what a paradigm is.It is a theory，an explanation，or model of something else.You can never arrive at a specific location in a new city with a wrong map.
   Each of us has many maps in our head，which can be divided into two main categories：maps of the way things are，or realities，and maps of the way thingould be，or values.We interpret everything we experience through these mental maps.We seldom question their accuracy；we're usually even unaware that we have them.We simply assume that the way we see things is the way they really are or the way they should be.And our attitudes and behaviors grow out of those assumptions.The way we see things is the source of the way we think and the way we act.
   We see the world，not as it is，but as we are -or，as we are conditioned to see it.Clearheaded people see things differently，each looking through the unique lens of experience.But this does not mean that there are no facts.Instead，each person's interpretation of these facts represents prior experiences.
   The more aware we are of our basic paradigms，maps，or assumptions，and the extent to which we have been influenced by our experience，the more we can take responsibility for those paradigms，examine them，test them against reality，listen to others and be open to their perceptions，thereby getting a larger picture and a far more objective view.

（1）How does the author illustrate the concept of "paradigm"？
A．By comparing it to an everyday object.
B．By sorting it into different categories.
C．By presenting personal examples.
D．By highlighting a sharp contrast.
（2）What can be concluded about the mental maps mentioned in paragraph 3？
A．They fail to escape our attention.
B．They may be lacking in accuracy.
C．They prove wrong and unreliable.
D．They have little influence on behavior.
（3）Which of the following echoes the main idea of paragraph 4？
A．Great minds think alike.
B．All men have opinions，but few think.
C．Where we stand depends on where we sit.
D．The fewer the facts，the stronger the opinions.
（4）What does the author advocate in the last paragraph？
A．A better understanding of our paradigms.
B．A stronger sense of responsibility for others.
C．A more objective view of others' perceptions.
D．A more positive attitude toward life experience.

共享时间:2023-07-10 难度:2 相似度:2

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204259. （2023•长安区•高一上期末）     Soccer，known as football in most of the world，is one of the most popular sports today.Let's explore its history and how it developed and spread over the years.
    It is said that the history of soccer dates back as far as 2500 B．C．in London.In China，the most relevant （相关的） is the Chinese game of Tsu' Chu （Cuju） .Records of the game began during the Han Dynasty （206 B．C． — 220 A．D．） and it may have been a training exercise for soldiers.Players kicked a small ball into a net between two bamboo poles.The use of hands was not allowed，but a player could use his feet and other parts of his body.
    The modern shape of soccer was formed at the beginning of the 19th century.In 1848，the "Cambridge Rules" were founded at Cambridge University.After they graduated，adult football clubs became more common，players could continue to play the ball.
    The Football Association （FA） was created on October 26，1863.Over the years，more clubs joined the FA until the number reached 128 by 1887.In 1872，the first Football Association Cup was played in London.Other associations were formed，including the Football League in1888 in the north and midlands of the country，and the first championship league games were played.
    It did not take long for other European countries to accept the British love for soccer.Leagues began popping up throughout the world：the Netherlands and Denmark in 1889，Argentina in 1893，Chile in 1895，Switzerland and Belgium in 1895，Italy in 1898，Germany and Uruguay in 1900，Hungary in 1901，and Finland in 1907.It was not until 1903 that France formed their league.
    In 1930，the first-ever FIFA World Cup was held in Uruguay.There were 41 members of FIFA at that time.Today it has over 200 members and the World Cup is one of the biggest events of the year.

（1）What do we know about Chinese game of Tsu' Chu？
A．It began as far as 2500 B．C.
B．English soccer developed from it.
C．It was probably a training exercise for soldiers.
D．Players couldn't use other parts of their bodies.
（2）When was the Football Association created？
A．In 1930.
B．In 1907.
C．In 1895.
D．In 1863.
（3）What can we infer from the fifth paragraph？
A．Soccer spread worldwide.
B．Football clubs formed in America.
C．The whole world refused the British soccer.
D．200 members joined in the first-ever FIFA World Cup.
（4）What is the best title of the passage？
A．The Popularity of Football.
B．The Development of Football.
C．An Ancient Sport in China.
D．Some Football Competitions.

共享时间:2023-02-10 难度:2 相似度:2

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202263. （2022•西安三中•五模） Many linguists （语言学家） predicted in the 1960s that accents would disappear in America.As Americans moved across the country，they said English would become standardized，meaning that it would be spoken the same way everywhere.But sociolinguist William Labov of the University of Pennsylvania says，while some accents in America are disappearing，others are growing stronger.
   One of these regional accents is Native American English，known as the "rez accent".It is spoken in many Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada.The word "rez" iortened from the word "reservation".Reservations are areas of land in the United States and Canada that are kept separate for Native Americans or Indigenous people to live in.
   Kalina Newmark is from the Sahtu Region in Canada's Northwest Territories.Her ancestors were called the Dene people，but she does not speak her tribe's language of Slavey. "My mom can understand and speak it，but she didn't pass it on to us.She learned it from her great-grandmother.My grandmother chose not to pass along the language because she wanted to make it easier for her children when they went to school，" Newmark said.Newmark went to Dartmouth College in the U.S.state of New Hampshire.The school is known for its Indigenous student population.There，she met other Indigenous students from all over North America.Newmark noticed something very interesting about everyone's pronunciation.The English they spoke shared some similar qualities，although they came from different language backgrounds.These especially could be heard during times of socializing.The accent was even present for students who had not learned their ancestral language.Indigenous communities speak different English dialects，but these ways of speaking shared prosody （韵律学） patterns.
   The rez accent possibly came from different Native tribes interacting in the 1880s when Indigenous peoples were placed on reservations.The Native American and First Nations children were forced into school and had to speak English.The rez accent also might have had its beginning in the 1950s and 1960s when the US government closed some reservations and sent Native American into cities.The children were forced to speak English and interact with each other. "They were all learning English together，" said Newmark， "and making an English of their own."

（1）What can we infer from Kalina Newmark's experience？
A．She learnt her tribe's language from her mother.
B．Her ancestors spoke English with rez accent.
C．Native American students account for a considerable percentage in her school.
D．Indigenous students speak English in exactly the same way in the school.
（2）Which statement is TRUE about the "rez accent"？
A．It is a shared pattern of speaking English among the Indigenous population.
B．It originated from the Native Americans' ancestral languages.
C．Us government is worried about the tendency of speaking English with rez accent.
D．The reason for the continuing growth of rez accent has been confirmed.
（3）How does the author introduce the topic of the text？
A．By making a comparison.
B．By analyzing a reason.
C．By giving an example.
D．By having an argument.
（4）What is the main idea of the text？
A．Accents of American English are disappearing.
B．Native Americans speak English with a similar accent.
C．Indigenous people obtain rez accent from their ancestors.
D．The majority of Americans don't speak standardized English.

共享时间:2022-05-12 难度:2 相似度:2

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220435. （2015•长安区一中•高三上一月） It's not easy growing up．Growing up can be a real"pain"for some of us．Sometimes we feel worried，sometimes we feel sad，sometimes we are fearful，and sometimes we just don't understand why we can't stay young forever．But we should take a look back on all the hardships in life with a positive attitude and learn from them．We must overcome every obstacle one small step at a time．We should realize that all of our growing pains actually turn into growing gains!
Throughout our lives we are going to face many challenges and pains，but we should never let these obstacles keep us from following our dreams．
As a young girl，my parents forced me to do so many things that I didn't like．They made me learn to play the violin and then the piano．At that time I hated music and I also hated them．But looking back now，I am so glad that my parents encouraged me to take music lessons．Music has enriched my life in so many ways．I now realize that my parents and teachers wanted me to have a better life than they did themselves．
We are all going to experience growing pains，but they are just part of our life．They might seem so huge at the time，but we must be strong．Think about how we would feel if we had no challenges and lived a life like that．Life would be really boring and meaningless．The future is ours!A little hard work and sweat never hurt anyone!If we realize that these pains are just small bumps on our road to success，we will realize that our growing pains are actually growing gains!

（1）The underlined word"obstacles"（in Paragraph 2）roughly means things that       ．
A．are related to your studies
B．you easily achieve
C．make it difficult for you to do something
D．make you happy
（2）How does the author now feel when remembering what her parents did for her in the past？
A．She feels hateful
B．She is grateful
C．She feels upset
D．She is fearful
（3）The purpose of the passage is to tell readers       ．
A．everyone should do what they don't like when young
B．everyone is painful in growing up
C．growing pains can turn into growing gains in a positive way
D．life is full of hardships．

共享时间:2015-10-19 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202042. （2022•西安中学•四模） Do you want to travel to the New England Aquarium and experience it？If you are an Aquarium super fan，I believe you must be interested in some information below.
   Animal encounter Programs
   Dive into the water with a seal.Stand on top of the four storey Giant Ocean Tank to feed the animals.Go behind the scenes of your favorite exhibits.Whether you have an unquenchable（无法遏制的）curiosity about oceanic animals or you want a brand new observation on popular exhibits，fascinating Animal Encounter programs are designed for the Aquarium super fans.Call Central Reservations at 617-973-5206 to book your program.
   Daily Performances
   Don't miss a day in the life of the New England Aquarium.Be sure to catch our daily events，which include penguin feedings，seal training sessions，dives in the Giant Ocean Tank and live animal performances.Our daily schedule will tell you when and where to watch your favorite program.All programs are included with admission.
   Special Programs
   Join us for family activities at the Aquarium，where we explore the blue planet most days through art，animals and other activities.We focus on one animal every month with Blue Discoveries Family Day，from octopuses（章鱼）to whales.These activities are included with admission.For a fee，schools and other qualifying groups can also choose Explorer Classes for kids and special 3-D showings.
   Virtual Tours and Videos
   Before stepping foot in the Aquarium，explore some of our special exhibits and learn what to expect.Check out the Field Trip Orientation video before arriving with your group.The How to Be a Shark and Ray（鳐鱼）Whisperer video gives special instructions on how to best experience our shark and ray touch tank.The Blue Impact virtual tour highlights some of our exhibits as it explains the impact of climate change on oceans around the world.

（1）What does the passage tell us？
A．Visitors can't see whales in the aquarium.
B．The New England Aquarium has four storeys.
C．Visitors can dive in the Giant Ocean Tank in the aquarium.
D．Qualifying groups can choose Explorer Classes for adults in the aquarium.
（2）What do visitors have to pay extra money for？
A．Penguin feedings.
B．Seal training sessions.
C．Special 3-D showings.
D．The Blue Impact virtual tour.
（3）Why does the Aquarium set up Virtual Tours and Videos？
A．To help visitors best experience the Aquarium.
B．To draw attention to climate change on oceans.
C．To sell video disks of the Aquarium to the visitors.
D．To give instructions on how to protect oceanic animals.

共享时间:2022-04-19 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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201968. （2023•长安区•一模） Electronic sensors built into paper could be used in a range of ways from information storage to touch screens and more.
   Electronic sensors built into cartons（纸盒）may make it easier to tell when it's time to throw out rotten milk or orange juice.And that's just the start.At least that's the goal for researchers working on putting electronics into paper.They're trying to figure out how to combine the flexibility，low-cost and recyclability of paper with the information-carrying ability of electronics.
   Daniel Torbjork，a physics graduate student in Finland，has been working on the problem.He's published a review of the field in the journal Advanced Materials.
   Much research has been focused in this area.While most electronic applications require patterned conducting structures，conductive paper could be used in applications such as energy storage devices，sensors，electric heaters and others，according to Torbjork.
   "You could even have some interactive functions in magazines，" Torbjork said，"You could put a simple game in a package.If you want a touch screen，press a button and then something happen.Sensors in paper could tell us when something has gone bad."
   Additional applications，such as information storage and security paper，have been suggested for magnetic papers containing magnetite.In Massachusetts，researchers have figured out how to post a video of such a device put into a paper airplane.
   German researchers have also put electronic chips in paper bank notes to defend counter-feiters（造伪币者）.Paper is a good material but printing electronics also requires low-cost manufacturing.As many US and European paper makers lose market share to cheaper paper from China，these big paper companies are looking for added value products.That's where electronic paper devices could make a difference.
   "The major obstacles are paper's large surface roughness and chemical impurities." Torbjork says.But others in the field think that electronic sensors in paper are still far from the consumer marketplace.
   "I don't think it's going to happen." said Roy Horgan. "You need a conductive surface.It could be 10 years out.What we are looking for are solutions that you can commercialize today."
   Solar Print is partnering with Italian automaker Fiat to develop a unique auto-glass with tiny photostatic cells（光电）that can capture electricity from the sun.In the meantime，using paper to conduct electricity is still a "blue-sky" project.
   "I would love to see someone prove me wrong，because that means that it's actually happening." Horgan said. "If someone comes up with conductive paper，then that's a very interesting technology."

（1）Putting electronics into paper will        .
A．cut the cost and impurity of paper
B．depend on flexible conductive structure
C．help consume rotten milk or orange juice
D．combine the advantages of paper and electronics
（2）Paragraphs 4 to 7 mainly talk about the         of the conductive paper.
A．theories
B．structures
C．practical use
D．design process
（3）Some paper makers welcome the new technology probably because it will         .
A．add more value to paper
B．make the paper smoother
C．put an end to fake money
D．improve the printing technology
（4）From the passage，we know that Roy Horgan        .
A．has a burning desire to make a great profit
B．started a "blue-sky" project to study paper
C．is not confident about the conductive paper
D．showed much interest in Solar Print industry

共享时间:2023-03-05 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202044. （2022•西安中学•四模） Electronic sensors built into paper could be used in a range of ways from information storage to touch screens and more.
   Electronic sensors built into cartons（纸盒）may make it easier to tell when it's time to throw out rotten milk or orange juice.And that's just the start.At least that's the goal for researchers working on putting electronics into paper.They're trying to figure out how to combine the flexibility，low-cost and recyclability of paper with the information-carrying ability of electronics.
   Daniel Torbjork，a physics graduate student in Finland，has been working on the problem.He's published a review of the field in the journal Advanced Materials.
   Much research has been focused in this area.While most electronic applications require patterned conducting structures，conductive paper could be used in applications such as energy storage devices，sensors，electric heaters and others，according to Torbjork.
   "You could even have some interactive functions in magazines，" Torbjork said，"You could put a simple game in a package.If you want a touch screen，press a button and then something happen.Sensors in paper could tell us when something has gone bad."
   Additional applications，such as information storage and security paper，have been suggested for magnetic papers containing magnetite.In Massachusetts，researchers have figured out how to post a video of such adevice put into a paper airplane.
   German researchers have also put electronic chips in paper bank notes to defend counterfeiters （造伪币者）.Paper is a good material but printing electronics also requires low-cost manufacturing.As many US and European paper makers lose market share to cheaper paper from China，these big paper companies are looking for added value products.That's where electronic paper devices could make a difference.
   "The major obstacles are paper's large surface roughness and chemical impurities. "Torbjork says.But others in the field think that electronic sensors in paper are still far from the consumer marketplace.
   "I don't think it's going to happen." said Roy Horgan. "You need a conductive surface.It could be 10 years out.What we are looking for are solutions that you can commercialize today. "
   Solar Print is partnering with Italian automaker Fiat to develop a unique auto-glass with tiny photostatic cells（光电） that can capture electricity from the sun.In the meantime，using paper to conduct electricity is still a "blue-sky" project.
   "I would love to see someone prove me wrong，because that means that it's actually happening. " Horgan said. "If someone comes up with conductive paper，then that's a very interesting technology."

（1）Putting electronics into paper will        .
A．cut the cost and impurity of paper
B．depend on flexible conductive structure
C．help consume rotten milk or orange juice
D．combine the advantages of paper and electronics
（2）Paragraphs 4 to 7 mainly talk about the         of the conductive paper.
A．practical use
B．theories
C．structures
D．design process
（3）Some paper makers welcome the new technology probably because it will        .
A．put an end to fake money
B．make the paper smoother
C．add more value to paper
D．improve the printing technology
（4）From the passage，we know that Roy Horgan        .
A．has a burning desire to make a great profit
B．showed much interest in Solar Print industry
C．is not confident about the conductive paper
D．started a "blue-sky" project to study paper

共享时间:2022-04-19 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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201693. （2024•西工大附中•模拟） California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s，according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor．
    The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of California forests，the new study finds．No area was spared or unaffected，from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles．In the Sierra high country，the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent；in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent．
   Many factors contributed to the decline，said Patrick Mclntyre，an ecologist who was the lead author of the study．Woodcutters targeted big trees．Housing development pushed into the woods．Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）．
   But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010，Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development．
    The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage．The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed，taking into account such things as rainfall，air temperature，dampness of soil，and the timing of snowmelt（融雪）．
   Since the 1930s，Mclntyre said，the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures，which cause trees to lose more water to the air，and earlier snowmelt，which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season．

（1）What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California．
B．The increasing variety of California big trees．
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests．
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California．
（2）Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees？
A．Ecological studies of forests．
B．Banning woodcutting．
C．Limiting housing development．
D．Fire control measures．
（3）What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre？
A．Inadequate snowmelt．
B．A longer dry season．
C．A warmer climate．
D．Dampness of the air．
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？
A．California's Forests：Where Have All the Big Trees Gone？
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon．
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests？
D．Patrick Mclntyre：Grow More Big Trees in California

共享时间:2024-03-05 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202100. （2022•西安中学•七模） Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
   Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they're in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn't have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
   Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it's time to repaint，go blue.
   Don't forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories（卡路里） per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
   Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake（摄入）jumps by 14 percent.And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.

（1）The text is especially helpful for those who care about        .
A．their home comforts
B．their body shape
C．house buying
D．healthy diets
（2）A home environment in blue can help people        .
A．Digest food better
B．Reduce body intake
C．Burn more calories
D．Regain their appetites
（3）What are people advised to do at mealtimes？
A．Eat quickly.
B．Play fast music.
C．Use smaller spoons.
D．Turn down the lights.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？
A．Is Your House Making You Fat？
B．Ways of Serving Dinner
C．Effects of Self-consciousness
D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing？

共享时间:2022-06-07 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202120. （2022•西安中学•二模） On a break from his studies in the MIT Media Lab，Anirudh Sharma traveled home to Mumbai，India.While there，he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering something that looked like dirt. "I realized this was air pollution，or sooty（像煤一样）particulate matter（PM），made of black particles released from exhaust（尾气）of vehicles，" Sharma says. "This is a major health issue." Soot consists of tiny black particles，about 2.5 micrometers or smaller，made of carbon produced by incomplete burning of fossil fuels.
   Back at MIT，Sharma set out to help solve this air-pollution issue.After years of research，Sharma's startup Graviky Labs has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators（柴油发电机）to collect particulate matter.Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink，called Air-Ink，for artists around the world.So far，the startup has collected 1.6 billion micrograms of particulate matter.More than 200 gallons of Air-Ink have been harvested for a growing community of more than 1，000 artists，from Bangalore to Boston，Shanghai，and London.
   Posted all over Graviky Lab's Facebook page today are photos of art made from the Air-Ink and paint，including street wall paintings，body art and clothing prints.At first，there was still no specific application for the ink.Then the startup decided to find new ways to further spread its mission.It chose to do so through art. "Art helps us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from.Air pollution knows no borders.Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that's the hardest to collect and use.But it can be done，" Sharma says.

（1）What struck Sharma most during his break in India？
A．Dirt on his T-shirts.
B．Health issue of the locals.
C．Coal industry in Mumbai.
D．Incomplete burning of fossil fuels.
（2）According to the text，Air-Ink is        .
A．a cleaner of outdoor air
B．a product made from PM
C．a newly-founded company
D．a printing technology
（3）What can we infer about Air-Ink from the text？
A．It improves artistic effect.
B．It makes pollution acceptable.
C．It helps Sharma make a profit.
D．It raises environmental awareness.
（4）What might be the best title for the text？
A．Arts Know No Borders
B．Waste Has No Price
C．Less Pollution，More Art
D．Creative Thinking，Effective Painting

共享时间:2022-03-28 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202150. （2022•西安中学•八模） Plants：we eat them，juice them-and now it seems we can mine them too!
   After a successful experiment on the island of Borneo，the botany professor Alan
   Baker and a group of researchers want to introduce phytomining （harvesting minerals from plants） as a better，partial substitute for traditional mining.
   Phytomining，also known as agromining，means collecting metals from live plants.However，this can only be done with a group of plants known as "hyperaccumulators".There are around 700 identified types worldwide，and what makes these hyperaccumulators special is that they naturally attract and absorb minerals through their roots-metals poisonous to other plants- and then store huge，pure concentrations of these minerals in their bodies.The metals can then be extracted（提取） from the plants' sap（汁；液），oil，or sometimes even live tissue.
   Baker and his colleagues see a lot of potential in phytomining.Not only can it help meet the growing global demand for metals，but is a way of undoing some of that damage to the environment by traditional mining.
   One of the biggest problems with traditional mining is that it pollutes the surrounding area.Phytomining can extract metal waste，plus planting the hyperaccumulators would regrow the deforested areas caused by mining operations.Aside from this，if phytomining is able to replace part of traditional mining，then there would be fewer instances of bad mining practices like abandoned mines，which pollute the nearby waters.Also，since phytomining provides metals that are already naturally pure，there is no need to use huge amounts of energy to purify the ore（矿石）.
   Phytomining has its drawbacks.Harvesting plants on a large scale is expensive today，compared to traditional mining.Besides，plants can be wiped out by diseases or unexpected weather conditions.
   However，there are many reasons to consider phytomining.After all，we need to make sure that our planet can keep up and sustainable practices like phytomining give us the hope that our advancement doesn't mean sacrificing Mother Earth.

（1）What makes hyperaccumulators different from other plants？
A．The sap poisonous to other plants.
B．The oil extracted from live plant tissue.
C．The ability to take in and store minerals.
D．The concentrations of mineral in their bodies.
（2）What is the advantage of phytomining？
A．It uses clean energy to purify the ore.
B．It may reduce the deserted mines.
C．It can't be destroyed by diseases.
D．It can stop deforestation.
（3）What is the author's attitude toward phytomining？
A．Pessimistic.
B．Indifferent.
C．Optimistic.
D．Skeptical.
（4）What is the best title for the text？
A．Metals From Plants.
B．Benefits of Phytomining.
C．The Future of Phytomining.
D．What Are Hyperaccumulators？

共享时间:2022-06-15 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202188. （2022•周至县•三模） The Royal Botanical Gardens，Kew，in the UK，are home to thousands of fascinating plants，but none are as lonely as the Encephalartos woodii （伍德苏铁），an ancient cycad species and，most likely，the last one of its kind.
   It was in 1895 that botanist John Wood noticed this interesting looking palm tree on a steep slope in southern Africa.Spellbound by its multiple trunks and arched palm fronds，Dr.Wood- who made his living collecting rare plants- had some stems removed and sent to London in a box.It ended up in the Palm House at the Royal Botanical Gardens，where it has been waiting for a mate for over a century.Despite numerous efforts to find it a mate，the Encephalartos woodii at Kew remains alone，unable to produce an offspring and reproduce its species.For this reason，many consider it the world's loneliest plant.
   Two hundred million years ago，when dinosaurs still roamed the world，cycads were everywhere.They made up around 20% of plants，acted aelter for some dinosaur species and as food supply for others.They managed to somehow survive five ice ages，adapted to coexist with new species of plants，but as time passed，their numbers dwindled.Like all other cycads，Encephalartos woodii went from numbering millions of specimens，to thousands，and today，possibly just one，a male.
   Some plants have both male and female organs，but not Encephalartos woodii.Without a female specimen to produce the seeds，it can never mate.
   The Encephalartos woodii is technically not the last of its kind.It has been cloned several times，and its clones can be found in several botanical gardens around the world.It can even mate with some closely related species，but it can't produce a true offspring.It just sits there，the last of its ancient species waiting for a female species to be found somewhere on Earth. "Surely this is the loneliest organism in the world，" biologist Richard Fortey once wrote， "growing older，alone，and fated to have no successors.Nobody knows how long it will live."

（1）What can we learn about the Encephalartos woodii？
A．It once was a common being with male and female organs.
B．It has been the last of its species for centuries.
C．Scientists' efforts to produce any young of it were in vain.
D．It used to play an important role in the survival of dinosaurs.
（2）What does the underlined word "dwindled" probably mean in Paragraph 3？
A．Declined.
B．Increased.
C．Multiplied.
D．Rocketed.
（3）What's Richard Fortey's attitude towards the plant？
A．Favorable.
B．Indifferent.
C．Sympathetic.
D．Skeptical.
（4）What is the best title for this text？
A．The last Cycad on Earth.
B．The World's Loneliest Plant.
C．The Plant that Outlived Dinosaurs.
D．The Ancient Cycad Found by John Wood.

共享时间:2022-04-12 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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202226. （2022•临潼区•一模） You probably don't think of scientific or medical instruments as the kind of instruments that actually make music.But now researchers have built a scientific instrument specifically designed to detect counterfeit（伪造的）medications through sound.
   The World Health Organization estimates about 10 percent of the medications in low and middle-income countries are fakes.Sometimes，dangerous ones.So the idea here is to fill the tube with a sample that's known to be safe.Then compare it to a bottle you're not so sure about.
   "If you get the same pitch（音高）out of those two samples，it's very good evidence that they're probably the same material，and the suspect substance is a safe drug to take.But if you get a different pitch out of the two samples，that's absolute proof that those two samples are chemically different.And that shows you there's something wrong with the sample you were given and you probably shouldn't take it."
   The instrument is designed to test only liquid samples for now.And while the human ear is sensitive enough to hear the difference between samples of air and water，the difference between a real and a counterfeit drug might be imperceptible to our ears.So Grover built a free website where users can upload recordings of the instrument，from their smartphone or computer，and analyze the hertz.Then repeat it with the suspect sample.
   ...in the hope of inspiring people around the world to build these things themselves. "I can literally make one of these out of junk in your garage in about five minutes probably.The hardest thing to come by is tubing.We've made them out of bent copper tubing like you get out of a radiator.Just junk，lying around.It's remarkable how easy they are to make.My dream would be to have the instructions for making them and using them shared as widely as possible."
   It is，admittedly，a pretty convincing pitch.

（1）What's the passage mainly about？
A．A scientific instrument.
B．A pretty convincing tube.
C．A suspect sample.
D．A dangerous instrument.
（2）What's the function of the instrument according to the passage？
A．To give the buyer more drugs as a gift.
B．To make the wonderful music.
C．To carry the liquid.
D．To test fake medications through sound.
（3）Where can you get the material to build this kind of scientific instrument？
A．The junk in the garage.
B．The junk in the drugstore.
C．The junk in the supermarket.
D．The junk in the factory.
（4）What can we learn about the instrument from the passage？
A．Everyone can make it easily.
B．It can play the music you like.
C．There is a long way to go.
D．It is widely used to test medicine.

共享时间:2022-03-01 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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crg@dyw.com

2023-07-06

高中英语 | 高二下 | 阅读理解

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