棉花糖

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201722. （2024•西安中学•一模）     The Stanford marshmallow（棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
    As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted（诱惑） by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets-all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
    We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value-a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing （the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
    A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded（轰炸） with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental"junk food"in order to manage our time most effectively.

（1）What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test？
A.Take an examination alone.
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
（2）According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between        .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
（3）What does the author suggest readers do？
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
（4）Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A.Eat Less，Read More
B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later，the Better
D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups

共享时间:2024-03-11 难度:2

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自然科学研究成果，说明文，

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DCBD

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（1）细节理解题。根据文章第一段Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat（每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃零食之前等了15分钟，他们会得到第二份零食。）可知在米舍尔的测试中，孩子们需要推迟15分钟进食，才能得到第二份食物。故选D。
（2）推理判断题。根据文章第三段But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.（但是，随着我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大降低了获取卡路里的成本和努力，我们仍然拥有几千年前相同的大脑，这种不匹配是为什么我们许多人努力抵制我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心。）可知诱人的食物和我们保持健康的努力之间存在着不匹配。故选C。
（3）推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental"junk food"in order to manage our time most effectively.（因此，正如我们需要对我们的热量消耗更加深思熟虑一样，我们也需要对我们的信息消耗更加深思熟虑，抵制精神"垃圾食品"的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。）可知作者建议读者成为有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
（4）标题归纳题。根据文章第二段 As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted（诱惑） by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets﹣all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.（作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。）可知文章主要讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神"垃圾食品"。因此本文D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups（成人棉花糖测试）是本文的最佳标题。故选D。

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204536. （2023•西安市蓝田县城关中学•高二下期末）     Biologists from the John Innes Centre in England discovered that plants have a biological process which divides their amount of stored energy by the length of the night.This solves the problem of how to portion out （分配） energy reserves during the night so that the plant can keep growing yet not risk burning off all its stored energy.
    While the sun shines，plants perform photosynthesis （光合作用）.In this process，the plants change sunlight，water and carbon dioxide into stored energy in the form of long chains of sugar，called starch （淀粉）.At night，the plants burn this stored starch to fuel continued growth.
    "The calculations are precise so that plants prevent starvation but also make the most efficient use of their food，" said study co-author Alison Smith. "If the starch store is used too fast，plants will starve and stop growing during the night.If the store is used too slowly，some of it will be wasted."
    The scientists studied the plant Arabidopsis，which is regarded as a model plant for experiments.To give the plants some math tests，the biologists let night arrive unexpectedly early or late for them.
    During one of the exams，they shut off the lights early on them that had been grown with twelve-hour days and nights.Putting them into darkness after only an eight-hour day means they didn't have time to store as much starch as usual.And this forced the plants to adjust their normal nightly rhythm.
    Amazingly，even after this day length trick，the plants did very well in their exams and ended up with just five percent of starch left over at the end of the night.They had neither starved，nor stored starch that could have been used to fuel more growth.
    The authors suggested that similar biological calculators may explain how a migratory bird，the little stint，can make a five-thousand-kilometer journey to their summer habitat in the Arctic and arrive with enough fat reserves to survive only approximately half a day more，on average.
The results of the study were published in e Life.

（1）According to the passage，plants        .
A．use little energy during the day
B．usually stop growing at night
C．waste a lot of energy at night
D．store starch during the day
（2）What did the scientists do when studying Arabidopsis？
A．They changed the plant's light conditions.
B．They provided the plant with more starch.
C．They tried to keep the plant's natural rhythm.
D．They attached a biological calculator to the plant.
（3）When morning arrived，the experimental plants        .
A．nearly died of lack of food
B．used most of their stored energy
C．began to regulate their food store
D．stored enough starch for the next day
（4）What can we learn about the little stint？
A．They may have a system to control energy consumption.
B．They often die during their long and difficult journey.
C．They leave the Arctic in summer every year.
D．They are unable to calculate the distances.

共享时间:2023-07-12 难度:2 相似度:2

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203863. （2024•长安区•高一上期末）     For more than 140 years，fishers in Laguna，Brazil have formed an unusual partnership with local dolphins.As soon as the fishers spot a dolphin waving its tail，lifting its head，and diving deeply，they race into the water with their nets.Now，a new study suggests the dolphins are willing partners in this cooperation and that the animals may be guiding the people.They pay close attention to the humans，timing their actions to maximize their catch.Over the years，dolphins have been showing the fishers "where to stand and when to get ready to throw their nets." in the dark waters.It's almost as if the dolphins are training the humans.
    As much as the fishers were watching the dolphins，he dolphins were also watching the fishers，he study found.Both species must time their actions correctly to catch fish.The people wait with their nets at the ready for a dolphin to approach closely.When a dolphin sees a ready fisher，the animal will give a tip，usually that deep dive，which tells the fisher the mullet （鲻鱼） are right there and it's time to cast their net.Sometimes，either dolphin or fisher will respond incorrectly，and neither catches fish.Yet，the scientists reported that of nearly 3，000 recorded fishing attempts，nearly 46% were successful.To ensure this accuracy，fishers must understand the dolphins' tips，learning them over time.Even it can say， "The dolphins are almost like teachers."
    Other populations of dolphins have also been known to cooperate with human fishers，rushing fish toward shore or into nets off eastern Australia，Mauritania，and Southeast Asia.But these practices have either disappeared or are in decline.
    The same fate likely faces the Laguna dolphins if the mullet numbers，which have dropped over the past decade because of overfishing，continue to decline.The practice may escape such a fate，if Brazil regards this dolphin-fisher relationship a cultural heritage，as the scientists propose. "Without mullet." the expert says， "this partnership will end."

（1）How do the dolphins guide the fishers to catch the fish？        ?
A.They constantly attack fish.
B.They use body languages.
C.They make strange voices.
D.They pull the nets.
（2）What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3？        ?
A.Introduce a new topic for discussion.
B.Provide suggestions for the readers.
C.Share some interesting facts about dolphins.
D.Conclude the previous paragraphs.
（3）What can we learn about the dolphin-fisher relationship in Laguna？        ?
A.It has completely disappeared.
B.It develops friendly.
C.It needs to be protected.
D.It becomes useless and meaningless.
（4）In which column of the newspaper can we read the passage？        ?
A.Art.
B.Health.
C.Sports.
D.Animals.

共享时间:2024-02-06 难度:2 相似度:2

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204498. （2023•蓝田县•高二下期末）     Biologists from the John Innes Centre in England discovered that plants have a biological process which divides their amount of stored energy by the length of the night.This solves the problem of how to portion out （分配） energy reserves during the night so that the plant can keep growing yet not risk burning off all its stored energy.
    While the sun shines，plants perform photosynthesis （光合作用）.In this process，the plants change sunlight，water and carbon dioxide into stored energy in the form of long chains of sugar，called starch （淀粉）.At night，the plants burn this stored starch to fuel continued growth.
    "The calculations are precise so that plants prevent starvation but also make the most efficient use of their food，" said study co-author Alison Smith. "If the starch store is used too fast，plants will starve and stop growing during the night.If the store is used too slowly，some of it will be wasted."
    The scientists studied the plant Arabidopsis，which is regarded as a model plant for experiments.To give the plants some math tests，the biologists let night arrive unexpectedly early or late for them.
    During one of the exams，they shut off the lights early on them that had been grown with twelve-hour days and nights.Putting them into darkness after only an eight-hour day means they didn't have time to store as much starch as usual.And this forced the plants to adjust their normal nightly rhythm.
    Amazingly，even after this day length trick，the plants did very well in their exams and ended up with just five percent of starch left over at the end of the night.They had neither starved，nor stored starch that could have been used to fuel more growth.
    The authors suggested that similar biological calculators may explain how a migratory bird，the little stint，can make a five-thousand-kilometer journey to their summer habitat in the Arctic and arrive with enough fat reserves to survive only approximately half a day more，on average.
The results of the study were published in e Life.

（1）According to the passage，plants        .
A．use little energy during the day
B．usually stop growing at night
C．waste a lot of energy at night
D．store starch during the day
（2）What did the scientists do when studying Arabidopsis？
A．They changed the plant's light conditions.
B．They provided the plant with more starch.
C．They tried to keep the plant's natural rhythm.
D．They attached a biological calculator to the plant.
（3）When morning arrived，the experimental plants        .
A．nearly died of lack of food
B．used most of their stored energy
C．began to regulate their food store
D．stored enough starch for the next day
（4）What can we learn about the little stint？
A．They may have a system to control energy consumption.
B．They often die during their long and difficult journey.
C．They leave the Arctic in summer every year.
D．They are unable to calculate the distances.

共享时间:2023-07-05 难度:2 相似度:2

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204496. （2023•蓝田县•高二下期末）     The worldwide 20th century "Green Revolution"，which saw huge year-by-year increases in global grain yields （产量），was fueled by the development in the 1960s of new high-yielding dwarfed （矮小） varieties known as Green Revolution Varieties （GRVs）.
    These dwarfed GRVs are common all over the world in today's wheat and rice crops.Because they are dwarfed，with short stems，GRVs devote relatively more resources than tall plants to the growth of grains rather than stems，and are less likely to suffer yield losses from wind and rain damage.However，the growth of GRVs requires farmers to use large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers （氮肥） in their fields.These fertilizers are costly to farmers and cause extensive damage to the natural environment.The development of new GRVs combining high yields with reduced fertilizer requirements is thus a global agricultural goal.
    Researchers at the University of Oxford and the Chinese Academy of Science have discovered for the first time a gene that can help reach the goal.Comparing 36 different dwarfed rice varieties，the researchers identified a novel natural gene that helps increase the rate at which plants make use of nitrogen from the soil.This gene，called GRF4，can increase the amount of a protein （蛋白质） in plant cells.GRF4 is actually a promoter that encourages the activity of other genes—genes that promote nitrogen uptake （摄入）.Professor Harberd said， "Increasing GRF4 levels could contribute to an increase in the grain yields of GRVs，especially at low fertilizer input levels."
    The researchers say the latest rice variety containing GRVould now become a major target for farmers in increasing crop yields and fertilizer use efficiency，with the aim of achieving the global grain yield increases necessary to feed a growing world population at a reduced environmental cost.It is very urgent at the moment.
    Professor Harberd added， "This study is an example of how studying fundamental science objectives can lead rapidly to potential solutions to global challenges.It shows how the discovery can enable chances for food security and future new green revolutions."

（1）What can we know about dwarfed GRVs？
A．They have higher yield and taller stems.
B．They are a "double-edged sword".
C．They are environmentally friendly.
D．They can be easily affected by weather.
（2）What does "the goal" in Paragraph 3 refer to？
A．Increasing the rate of nitrogen use.
B．Producing cheaper nitrogen fertilizers.
C．Using fewer fertilizers to produce more grains.
D．Finding a gene to solve agricultural problems.
（3）What can GRV directly do？
A．It promotes other genes' activity.
B．It increases the output of crops.
C．It takes in nitrogen from the soil.
D．It lowers fertilizer input levels.

共享时间:2023-07-05 难度:2 相似度:2

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204299. （2023•西咸新区•高二下期末）     Tell me if this sounds familiar：You're trying to get some work done，and you find yourself continually picking up your cell phone.In frustration，you might slam the phone down beside you and swear to leave it alone—theoretically allowing you to focus on what you're doing.Right now my phone is sitting next to me untouched.But have I really protected myself from its distractions or its ability to impact my mind？
   The answer is no，according to a well-known study in the Journal of the Association for Consumer Research from 2017 entitled "Brain Drain （认知流失）：The Mere Presence of One's Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity."
   Cognitive and social psychologist Adrian Ward and his colleagues proposed the "brain drain hypothesis" by showing that just having a phone next to you could impact cognition—specifically，working memory，or the mental system that helps us hold information about what we're currently doing at a given moment.
   The way we measure it is by having people remember words and solve math problems at the same time.And the idea there is that those are two very different cognitive skills，word memory and math problems，but they're tapping into that same general cognitive resource.In those experiments，people either had their phones on a desk，in their pockets or bags，or in the next room.The farther away a person's phone was，the better they did on those tasks.Even when you're not consciously thinking about your phone，the process of not thinking about your phone requires some cognitive resources.
   This was an interesting，though slightly concerning，finding that led to more studies on how the presence of our smartphones might be influencing how well we're able to think.But in a new meta-analysis that looked at data from 27 different brain drain studies，the story of the brain drain hypothesis has gotten a little more complicated.If it's just sitting next to you while you're working，is that a problem or not？And I think that's quite an important question to answer，to know more about.

（1）What's the purpose of paragraph1？
A．To classify a concept of the passage.
B．To introduce the topic of the passage.
C．To make an overall outline for the passage.
D．To offer a general background of the passage.
（2）Which statement would Adrian Ward most probably agree with？
A．Smartphones enable constant connection to latest information.
B．Mobile device use does not affect performance on mental system.
C．Cognitive capabilities are largely determined by working memory.
D．The presence of smartphones accounts for the damage to cognition.
（3）What do we know about the participants in the experiment？
A．They were only required to perform mathematical tasks.
B．The outcome was better if phones were used less frequently.
C．They consciously thought about phones when memorizing words.
D．The distance from phones to people was related to their performance.
（4）What's the best title of the text？
A．How does Your Phone Damage Your Memory？
B．How does Your Phone Wear Your Brain out？
C．Is Your Phone Actually Draining Your Brain？
D．Is Your Phone Influencing Your Working Performance？

共享时间:2023-07-06 难度:2 相似度:2

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201941. （2023•西安四十八中•一模） Science reporting on climate change does lead Americans to adopt more accurate beliefs and support government action on the issue，but these gains are fragile，a new study suggests.Researchers found that these accurate beliefs fade quickly when people are exposed to coverage skeptical of climate change.
   "It is not the case that the American public does not respond to scientifically informed reporting when they are exposed to it，" said Thomas Wood，associate professor of political science at the Ohio State University. "But even truly accurate science reporting recedes from people's frame of reference very quickly."
   Resultowed that accurate science reporting didn't persuade only politicians and people who initially rejected human-caused climate change also had their opinionifted by reading accurate articles.The study involved 2，898 online participants who participated in four waves of the experiment during the fall of 2020.
   In the first wave，they all read authentic articles in the popular media that provided information reflecting the seientifie views on climate change.In the second and third waves，they read either another scientific article，an opinion article that was skeptical of climate science，or an article on an unrelated subjeet.In the fourth wave，the participants simply were asked their beliefs about the science of climate change and their policy attitudes.
   To rate participants' scientific understanding.the researchers asked after each wave if they believed that climate change is happening and has a human cause.To measure their attitudes，researchers asked participants if they favored government action on climate change and if they favored renewable energy.
   "What we found suggests that people need to hear the same accurate messages about climate change again and again.If they only hear it once，it recedes very quickly，" Wood said.It was significant that accurate reporting had positive effects on all groups，including those who originally rejected climate change.But it was even more encouraging that it affected attitudes.

（1）What does the underlined word "recedes" in paragraph 2 mean？
A．Increases.
B．Graduates.
C．Disappears.
D．Strikes.
（2）What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us？
A．The research object.
B．The research result.
C．The research purpose.
D．The research procedure.
（3）Why did researchers ask participants the second question？
A．To survey the government's satisfaction rate.
B．To make an assessment on their attitudes.
C．To teach them scientific understanding.
D．To measure action on climate change.
（4）What can be the best title for the text？
A．Science Report Of Climate Change Can Affect Minds
B．Online Participants Joined In A Four-Wave Experiment
C．Accurate Science Reporting Don't Persuade Only Politicians
D．People Should Hear Accurate Messages About Climate Change

共享时间:2023-03-01 难度:2 相似度:2

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201808. （2024•西安中学•七模）     In a new study，researchers found that invasive insects in the United States could kill approximately 1.4 million urban trees by 2050，which would cost over ＄900 million to replace，reports Vishwam Sankaran for the Independent.
    Hot spots predicted to have the most urban tree mortality（死亡率） were Milwaukee，Wisconsin；Chicago，Illinois；and New York，New York.The study，published in the Journal of Applied Ecology，is the first nationwide forecast of street tree mortality from invasive insects.
    The emerald ash borer is an invasive beetle native to Asia.It was first detected in 2002 in southeastern Michigan，and experts suspect it was brought into the United States on wood packing material carried on cargo ships or airplanes traveling from Asia.Since then，the bug has been damaging ash trees.In the last two decades since the insect was first detected，numerous trees have been killed in North America.
    Data collected from 30，000 communities across the country was used to estimate tree mortality in the next 30 years.The researchers combined this data with a model that predicted the spread of 57 different invasive insect species.Their resultow emerald ash borers alone could cause 90% of the estimated 1.4 million tree deaths.Ash borers are already predicted to "kill virtually all ash trees" in over 6，000 urban areas，according to Newsweek.
    Less than 25% of 30，000 urban areas in the U.S.are expected to experience 95% of all street-tree mortality，reports Adam Barnes for the Hill.The areas that will experience the most tree loss include cities in the Midwest and East Coast.These locations are expected to have the most tree loss because large numbers of ash trees occupy the streets and parks in these areas，reported the Independent.
    When it comes to how to save urban areas from becoming treeless，study author Emma Hudgins，a biologist at McGill University，says， "These results can hopefully provide a cautionary tale against planting a single species of tree throughout entire cities，as has been done with ash trees in North America.Planting various trees provides resilience against pest infestations（侵扰）."

（1）What can we know about the emerald ash borer？
A.It is an invasive beetle in Asia.
B.It was first found by the Michigan people.
C.It has killed numerous trees in America.
D.They definitely enter the U.S.by cargo ships or airplanes.
（2）What is the fourth paragraph intended to describe？
A.The purpose of the research.
B.The conclusion of the research.
C.The significance of the research.
D.The process and result of the research.
（3）What can be inferred from the fifth paragraph？
A.Pest infestations are taking place across the country.
B.The insect's invasion won't spread equally in America.
C.Tree loss is the main cause of environmental problems.
D.Ash trees are being removed from many areas in the U.S.
（4）What suggestion does Emma Hudgins provide？
A.Getting different types of trees planted.
B.Replacing foreign trees with local ones.
C.Getting more trees planted in more areas.
D.Planting trees resistant to pest infestations.

共享时间:2024-06-08 难度:2 相似度:2

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201807. （2024•西安中学•七模）     Harvard scientists have engineered a group of fish that swims autonomously.Researchers say the experiment could advance pacemaker（起搏器） technology and improve the development of artificial hearts for humans.
    Researchers built the fish using paper，two parts of heart muscle tissue —one on the left side and one on the right —and a plastic fin.A contraction on one side caused the muscle on the other side to stretch.The stretching then caused those cells to contract，which moved the tail from side to side and allowed it to swim on its own.The muscle cells were from human stem cells.The researchers also engineered an autonomous pacing node，which acted like a pacemaker by controlling the rhythm and frequency of the contractions.
    The fish moved autonomously for over 108 days，which is equal to 38 million beats，the study states.Because heart cells constantly rebuild themselves，which takes about 20 days，the fish cells rebuilt themselves a total of about five times over，says Kit Parker，a professor from Harvard University who led the research.
    Years ago，Parker was disappointed with the state of heart treatment. "It occurred to me in 2007 that we might have failed to understand the fundamental laws of muscular pumps，" he said in a 2012 statement.Then，on a trip to the museum with his daughter，he spotted a special fish. "I'm looking at it，thinking， 'It pumps，it looks like a heart pump，and I could build that thing.'" In 2012，his team created a fish that swam using rat heart cells，and then a ray fish with rat heart cells in 2016.
    Though the researchers say the fish is a step forward for heart research，it could be years before it leads to the creation of an artificial heart，says Michael Schneider，a professor at Imperial College London，who wasn't involved in the study.But that doesn't dismay Parker. "I think other methods will be faster than us，" says Parker. "But in the long run，creating tissue that relies on the patient's own cells could offer unexpected benefits."

（1）What made the fish swim autonomously in the experiment？
A.The special paper.
B.The push of the fin.
C.Muscle contractions.
D.The support of the tail.
（2）What result probably impressed the researchers most？
A.The power of the pacing node.
B.The swimming speed of the fish.
C.The fish's lasting swimming time.
D.The rhythm of the fish's movement.
（3）Why is Parker's trip to the museum mentioned in Paragraph 4？
A.It gave Parker a good memory.
B.It made Parker find inspiration.
C.It removed Parker's disappointment.
D.It introduced Parker to a special fish.
（4）What does the underlined word "dismay" mean in the last paragraph？
A.Depress.
B.Annoy.
C.Embarrass.
D.Relieve.

共享时间:2024-06-08 难度:2 相似度:2

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203659. （2024•师大附中•高二上期末）     The Stanford marshmallow（棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
    As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted（诱惑） by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets-all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
    We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value-a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing （the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
    A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded（轰炸） with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental"junk food"in order to manage our time most effectively.

（1）What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test？
A.Take an examination alone.
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
（2）According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between        .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
（3）What does the author suggest readers do？
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
（4）Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A.Eat Less，Read More
B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later，the Better
D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups

共享时间:2024-02-09 难度:2 相似度:2

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203749. （2024•西工大附中•高二上期末）     Ancient builders across the world created structures that are still standing today，thousands of years later.Roman engineers built thick concrete sea barriers，for example.And Chinese builders raised walls against invaders.But there are many recent structures that are already starting to fail.The concrete that makes up much of our modern world lasts around 50 to 100 years.
    A growing number of scientists have been studying materials from long ago.They are breaking apart pieces of buildings and reading historical texts hoping to learn how they have stood for thousands of years.The research has turned up a surprising list of materials that were mixed into old buildings.They include tree bark，volcanic ash，rice，beer and even urine （尿液）.These unexpected materials could have the ability to get stronger over time and "heal" cracks when they form.
    Figuring out how to copy these features could have real impacts today.While our modern concrete has the strength to hold up very tall buildings and heavy infrastructure （基础结构），it cannot compete with the endurance of these ancient materials.With the rising threats of climate change，there is a growing call to make construction more sustainable.A recent UN report estimates that the built environment is responsible for more than a third of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.Cement （水泥） production alone makes up more than 7 percent of those emissions.
    Is ancient Roman concrete better？In places where seawater has been hitting structures for ages，you will find concrete "basically the way it was when it was poured 2，000 years ago，" said John Oleson，an archaeologist at the University of Victoria in Canada.
    Most modern concrete starts with Portland cement，a powder made by heating limestone （石灰岩） and clay to super-high temperatures and breaking them up.That cement is mixed with water to create a paste.Then，materials like rock and gravel are added.Records from ancient builderow the Roman process was similar.The ancient builders mixed materials like burnt limestone and volcanic sand with water and rocks，creating chemical reactions to tie everything together.
    Now，scientists think they have found an important reason why some Roman concrete has held up structures for thousands of years.The ancient material has an unusual power to repair itself.Exactly how is not yet clear，so scientists are starting to find reasons why.
（1）What is the purpose of the comparison in Paragraph 1？
A．To introduce a topic.
B．To list a motivation.
C．To give a definition.
D．To present an argument.
（2）Which aspect of ancient Roman building materials surprises scientists？
A．Their necessary ingredients.
B．Their processing procedure.
C．Their amazing sustainability.
D．Their high-end technology.
（3）According to the passage，          remains a mystery.
A．what made up those ancient Roman materials
B．where the ancient Roman materials were produced
C．how those ancient Roman materials were transported
D．why the ancient Roman materials healed automatically
（4）Where is the text probably from？
A．A travel brochure.
B．A science fiction.
C．An architecture essay.
D．An environment report.

共享时间:2024-02-06 难度:2 相似度:2

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201721. （2024•西安中学•一模）     Many people have dreamt to find a cancer cure.Now，a pill might provide some insight into their dreams.
   The medicine，AOH1996，also called the"cancer-killing pill"，explicitly targets the protein that encourages cancer cells to spread across the body.It prevents proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA细胞增殖核抗原） with a tiny molecule.Up to August 2023，it is being evaluated in Phase I clinical studies for the treatment of solid cancers.
   Cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells continue to proliferate uncontrollably，causing the tissue to be destroyed.About one in six deaths were due to cancer in 2020，making it the top cause of death globally.
   According to a recent study published in Cell Chemical Biology，City of Hope researchers have discovered a novel method to treat cancer using a special tablet that can get rid of solid tumors.AOH1996 differs from other targeted cancer therapies in this respect，where other approaches may cause a tumor to change and develop more resistance to treatment.
   According to City of Hope Professor Linda Malkas，the research team created a medicine specifically targeting the kind of PCNA seen in cancer cells since data indicate that PCNA is distinctively changed in cancer cells.The novel cancer medicine acts like a snowstorm closing a significant airport，stopping only flights from and to aircraft carrying cancer cells.
   "Results have been promising.AOH1996 can prevent tumor growth in cell and animal models.The drug is currently in Phase I clinical trial in humans at City of Hope."
   Treatment of lung，brain and skin cancers with AOH1996 haown to be effective.It kills specific cells by stopping them from replicating（复制） typically.To assess this medicine for potential future use，more clinical studies are planned.

（1）What can we know about PCNA？
A.It is a pill that cures solid cancer.
B.It is a medicine that prevents tumor growth.
C.It is a molecule targeted by the cancer-killing pill AOH1996.
D.It is a protein that causes cancer cells to spread across the body.
（2）Why is AOH1996 different from other cancer drugs？
A.It has cured many patients' cancers.
B.It will develop drug resistance.
C.It is a natural product collected from plants.
D.It has less side effects than other cancer drugs.
（3）What does the author want to express by saying"The novel cancer medicine acts like a snowstorm closing a significant airport..""？
A.AOH1996 targets cancer cells without harming healthy cells.
B.AOH1996 has caused chaos in the medical field.
C.AOH1996 is highly effective but inefficient in treating cancer patients.
D.AOH1996 is unpredictable and can have unintended consequences.
（4）What's the purpose of planning more clinical studies for AOH1996？
A.Determining the specific types of cancers it can effectively treat.
B.Investigating the possible side effects of the medicine.
C.Determining if it can be used on a large scale.
D.Confirming its effectiveness in killing specific cells.

共享时间:2024-03-11 难度:2 相似度:2

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204280. （2023•阎良区•高二下期末）     Dolphins are social and intelligent animals.And，like the way humans maintain relationships by hugging or giving a handshake，dolphins breathe together at the same time when they come up from the water for air.Thiared act is important for creating social connections.But sharing the same air and area is also spreading an infectious and deadly disease among the dolphins.
    Janet Mann and other scientists are trying to understand the virus.They discovered it in the water off the American states of Virginia and Maryland.It is now spreading to other Atlantic coast dolphins.
    Mann explains that the dolphin virus is in the lungs. "When dolphins breathe together at the surface，they're sharing tiny droplets just like we do when we're talking with each other，" she said.
    During her 35 years of studying dolphins，Janet Mann has noticed that even though dolphins have close friends，they visit other dolphins and leave the groups often.Following the social lives of dolphins in the Chesapeake Bay has permitted researchers to identify over 2，000 dolphin individuals.They can remember them by their special shapes and markings on their back fins.
    Two researchers，Melissa Collier and Ann-Marie Jacoby，saw two dolphins.A third dolphin joined his friends.All three dolphins came to the surface of the water and breathed together. "This is typical，male behavior.The males stay pretty coordinated （协调） with each other.The females sync （同步），but not as regularly.They syne mostly with their offspring （幼崽）." Mann says.This behavior pattern might explain why more male dolphins have died in the most recent outbreak of the virus.
    Viruses are naturally occurring in the wild，but human activities in the ocean can make the virus worse by wakening environments and populations even more.Pollution from carbon and plastics，limited food sources，along with ocean warming from climate change，harm the animals.These factors weaken the dolphins' immune systems. "So，they are extremely vulnerable （脆弱的，易受伤的） to virus outbreaks." Mann says.

（1）What are Mann and other scientists trying to do？
A．Record the dolphins' social habits.
B．Increase the population of dolphins.
C．Compare the viruses among dolphins.
D．Study the spread of the virus among dolphins.
（2）What does the underlined word "them" in paragraph 4 refer to？
A．Researchers.
B．Close friends.
C．The social lives of dolphins
D．Over 2，000 dolphin individuals.
（3）Why did more male dolphins die in the recent outbreak of the virus？
A．They absorbed more air than females.
B．They did more social activities together.
C．They came to the surface of the water more
D．They were more vulnerable to viruses.
（4）Which is a cause of the decline in dolphins' immune system？
A．Ocean warming.
B．Dolphins breathing together.
C．Researchers studying dolphins.
D．The growing population of dolphins.

共享时间:2023-07-14 难度:2 相似度:2

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203939. （2024•鄠邑二中•高一下期末）     Organic （不使用化肥的） farmers produce food with least help from pesticides （杀虫剂），but in limiting the use of chemicals on their own land，they may be unknowingly causing an increase in pesticide use over their neighbour's fence （栅栏）.
    Ashley Larsen at the University of California and her colleagues looked into land-use and pesticide data across 14，000 fields in Kern County，California.The researchers found that when organic farmland is surrounded by conventional （传统的） agriculture，neighbouring farmers seem to increase their pesticide use，with a 10% rise in organic cropland being linked to a 0.3% increase in total pesticide use on conventional fields.Most of this is driven by greater use of pesticides，the researchers found.
    This may be because more insects tend to live on organic land and spill over into neighbouring fields，causing conventional farmers there to increase pesticide use，according to Larsen.The effect appears strongest when neighbouring fields are within 2.5 kilometres of the organic "focal field".
    However，the researches noted that the presence of organic farmland is linked to a reduction in pesticide use on neighbouring organic fields，with a 10% increase in the area of nearby organic cropland being related to a 3% decrease in total pesticide use on organic focal fields.This may be because the larger area of organic farmland allows for a bigger and more stable （稳定的） community of beneficial insects.
    When organic agriculture makes up a high rate of farmland—perhaps 20% or more—net pesticide use decreases no matter where the organic fields are sited，say the researchers.But when small areas of organic farmland—like in Kern County，where about 5.5% of agricultural land is organic—evenly spread through the landscape，net pesticide use may in fact be higher than when no organic farming is present.
    However，this impact can be softened by bunching up organic farmland.Larsen said， "It might be worth considering how to encourage the concentration of new organic fields to basically take full advantage of its pest control benefits and limit the costs of being organic to conventional growers.

（1）What's the influence of organic farmland on neighbouring conventional fields？
A.A decrease in production.
B.An increase in pesticide use.
C.A decrease in insect population.
D.An increase in beneficial insects.
（2）What is key to reducing total pesticide use in an area according to paragraph 4？
A.The stability and population of beneficial insects.
B.The farmers' choice of crops to grow.
C.The location of the smallest organic farmland.
D.The population of organic farmers.
（3）What does the underlined part "bunching up" in the last paragraph mean？
A.Looking into.
B.Clearing away.
C.Setting up.
D.Joining together.
（4）What is the primary focus of the researchers' study mentioned in the text？
A.The economic impact of organic farming.
B.The environmental benefits of organic farming.
C.The relationship between organic farming and pesticide use.
D.The value of organic produce compared with the conventional.

共享时间:2024-07-12 难度:2 相似度:2

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203844. （2024•周至六中•高一上期末）     The giant panda's special black-and-white fur makes it one of the most recognizable animals on the planet.But why does it have this unique coloring？To hide from natural enemies，both in the snow and in the shadows，study lead author Tim Caro，a professor in the Department of Wildlife，Fish &Conservation Biology at the University of California，Davis，said in a new statement.Moreover，the large black circles around a panda's eyes may help other pandas recognize it，the researchers said.
    Understanding why the giant panda has such noticeable color has been a long-term problem to solve.To find out the answer，Caro and his colleagues looked at photos of pandas and 195 other carnivore（食肉动物）species，including 39 subspecies of bear.Then，they recorded the coloring on each area of those animals' bodies，and compared them with areas of the panda's body."Compared with the previous studies，the breakthrough in this study was treating each part of the body as an independent area，"Caro said.
    The research team tried to figure out the purpose of the dark-colored furry areas.After going through many comparisons，the researchers determined that the white parts of the giant panda help it hide in the snow.In contrast，its black arms and legs help it hide in the shadows，they said.The panda's white-and-black coloring didn't appear to be related to temperature regulation.Nor did they find evidence that the dark circles around a panda's eyes helped to make them look cuter.
    "This really was a great effort by our team，finding and scoring thousands of images and scoring more than 10 areas per picture from over 20 possible colors，"study co-author Ted Stankowich，an assistant professor of biology at California State University，Long Beach，said in the statement."Sometimes it takes hundreds of hours of hard work to answer the simplest question：Why is the panda black and white？"

（1）What does the new study focus on？
A.How pandas hide from natural enemies successfully.
B.Why pandas have unique black-and-white coloring.
C.Whether the black circles around a panda's eyes are useful."
D.What makes pandas so cute and eye-catching.
（2）What makes the new study different from the previous studies？
A.Researching more carnivore species.
B.Using the method of comparison.
C.Treating each part of the body separately.
D.Recording the number of photos.
（3）What can we learn from Paragraph 3？
A.The giant panda gets used to living in the snow.
B.The white-and-black fur can help pandas hide.
C.The coloring of pandas is related to temperature.
D.The function of the dark-colored areas is unknown.
（4）What is implied from Ted Stankowich's words？
A.Keeping your curiosity can make a difference.
B.Hundreds of hours of hard work is annoying.
C.Scientists dislike doing research on simple issues.
D.It needs efforts to find the why behind what you see.

共享时间:2024-02-28 难度:2 相似度:2

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202368. （2021•西安中学•四模） Sure，chocolate is a delicious treat，and it's a staple of some of our favorite desserts.But it's not a health food，so it should be enjoyed in moderation-right？
   Well，it turns out that eating chocolate might actually have a pretty significant health benefit.According to research conducted by five scientists in Italy，compounds found in chocolate，called flavanols，can help boost cognitive （认知的） performance.Yup，chocolate's good for your brain.
   The scientists，studying at the Universities of Rome and L'Aquila，summarized research from ten different studies.The studies assessed people's performance on cognitive tests before and after eating cocoa or chocolate.The results were pretty telling：in nine out of the ten studies，there was a noticeable improvement after the subjects had eaten the chocolate.The scientists found improvements in "general cognition，attention，processing speed and working memory." Sounds pretty good to us!
   And that's not all.In subjects，especially women，who performed the tests while sleep-deprived，the flavanols helped relieve the negative effects of the sleep deprivation.And there's even more good news.The researchers also found that eating chocolate daily （over periods ranging from five days to three months） produced noticeable long-term improvements in cognition.Older adults，whose memories were already declining，saw an especially significant improvement.
   All chocolate has flavanols，since they occur naturally in cocoa.However，dark chocolate lovers feel happy，because it has more flavanols than any other type of chocolate.In fact，the scientists themselves have claimed that，after doing this research，they've started eating dark chocolate every day!
   Now，we're not saying you should start eating chocolate for breakfast，lunch and dinner - it's still high in sugar and low in nutrients.But next time you find yourself yawning after a sleepless night，snack on some chocolate and let the flavanols work their magic.

（1）What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 probably mean？
A．As much as possible.
B．For three meals.
C．In right amount.
D．Not in the least
（2）How does a student perform while learning after eating chocolate？
A．He memorizes less than before.
B．He can't concentrate on lessons in the slightest.
C．He becomes more excited.
D．He understands what the teacher says faster.
（3）According to the passage，if your memory fails，what should you do？
A．Eat chocolate as three meals.
B．Use chocolate as a daily snack.
C．Hunt for dark chocolate.
D．Ask a doctor for advice.
（4）What's the main idea of the passage？
A．Chocolate is a beneficial but unhealthy food.
B．Eating chocolate benefits our learning.
C．Eating chocolate works on your sleep.
D．Chocolate contains low nutrients.

共享时间:2021-04-22 难度:1 相似度:1.5

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2024-03-11

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